Fixed protection meaning

Introduction This checklist sits alongside the more detailed Practice Note: Negotiation guide—services agreements. It serves as a quick-look aide and concentrates on the principal, generic points that commonly surface across most forms of services agreement. It leaves out certain specialist matters addressed in Practice Note: Negotiation guide—services agreements that tend to arise only in particular categories of services arrangements or those of greater complexity (eg acceptance testing, audit rights, TUPE, step-in rights, benchmarking and exit assistance). It sets out the customer’s and the supplier’s optimal stances for each topic, then offers a proposed middle-ground position (which is not intended to be comprehensive). For deeper analysis and explanation of each point, refer to Practice Note: Negotiation guide—services agreements. For balanced precedent contracts, which implement much of what is explored here and in the negotiation guide, see Precedents: Services agreement—one-off supply—balanced, Services agreement (ongoing supply)—balanced and Framework services agreement—single contract with call-off orders—balanced. This checklist is relevant only to business-to-business dealings in commercial practice...

Introduction This checklist sits alongside the fuller Practice Note: Negotiation guide—IT contracts and serves as a quick-reference point, concentrating on the principal general matters that commonly surface in IT agreements. Its emphasis is on the key, general issues likely to arise in IT contracts. It deliberately excludes certain specialist topics covered in the Practice Note that arise only in particular IT arrangements or in higher-complexity engagements, such as: acceptance testing audit rights TUPE step-in rights benchmarking exit assistance For each issue, it sets out the customer’s and supplier’s optimal positions and then proposes a balanced middle ground, which is indicative rather than exhaustive. For a fuller discussion and explanation of each point, see Practice Note: Negotiation guide—IT contracts. To view balanced precedents that put much of what is discussed here, and in the negotiation guide, into practice, refer to: Precedents: Framework agreement for the provision of IT products and services—balanced, and IT services agreement—balanced. This checklist is relevant...

Manufacturing agreement and know-how licence This Checklist sets out the principal provisions commonly included in a manufacturing agreement and a know-how licence. Use it as a prompt when drafting, reviewing or negotiating these contracts. For examples of manufacturing agreements, see Precedents: Manufacturing agreement—pro-customer Manufacturing agreement—pro-manufacturer For additional guidance on licensing know-how, see Practice Note: Know-how—protection and licensing. Where appropriate, this Checklist can also act as the starting point for concise, non-binding heads of terms. For advice on this, see Precedent: Heads of terms—commercial contracts. Checklist schedule for proposed manufacturing agreement and know-how licence (A) Key commercial considerations Notes Parties Parties: verify each party’s legal status, and whether any third parties (for example, group affiliates) will benefit under the proposed agreement. Third-party guarantees: confirm whether any third party will guarantee a party’s performance or financial obligations. Commencement and duration Commencement: confirm the intended commencement / effective date....

Flowchart This Flowchart helps determine which stamp duty land tax (SDLT) provisions are relevant on a lease renewal where a tenant remains in occupation by ‘holding over’ after a fixed-term lease ends. It should be considered together with the fuller Practice Note: SDLT—holding over. The SDLT provisions governing situations where a tenant holds over a lease, and that lease is subsequently renewed, are intricate and often complex...

In this issue: CPR updates Employer's liability Clinical negligence Coroner's inquests Claims involving a fatality Costs Other PI and clinical negligence news LexTalk®PI & Clinical Negligence: a Lexis®Nexis community Daily and weekly news alerts LexisNexis® Webinars Useful information CPR updates 185th Practice Direction update—online claims—in force 18 July 2025 The Master of the Rolls and the Minister of State for Justice have issued the 185th Practice Direction update to the Civil Procedure Rules, taking effect on 18 July 2025. It revises CPR PD 51R (Online Civil Money Claims) and CPR PD 51ZB (Damages Claims Pilot), and inserts a new fixed costs section within CPR PD 51R. Both pilot schemes are extended by a further 12 months, now running until 1 October 2026. See: LNB News 30/07/2025 24. 186th and 188th practice direction updates—in force 1 October 2025 The Master of the Rolls and the Minister of State for...

DM v CTS Eventim AG & Co KGaA Case C‑96/21 What are the practical implications of this case? The ruling makes clear that customers lack a withdrawal right from agreements for cultural or sporting events fixed for a specific date where attendance is limited, irrespective of whether they reserved directly or through a middleman. Note too that Directive 2011/83/EU (the EU CRD) is being amended by Directive (EU) 2019/2161, the EU Omnibus Directive, which applies from 28 May 2022; the European Commission has therefore revised its guidance, and that guidance aligns with this outcome. That guidance mirrors the decision and reinforces that approach for such events in the Commission's materials. Although an EU judgment, it remains pertinent to UK businesses, as UK courts may have regard to EU case law, and UK companies sell to consumers across the EEA. What was the background? The dispute arose from a gig cancelled following measures introduced by the German authorities during the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. A buyer who had...

Farol Holdings Ltd and others v Clydesdale Bank plc and National Australia Bank [2024] EWHC 593 (Ch) What are the practical implications of this case? This decision once more underscores, quite starkly, the obstacles borrowers encounter when pursuing misrepresentation actions against banks in court in the absence of regulatory safeguards or oversight. On the construction issue, Zacaroli J was significantly swayed by the proposition that, as recompense for borrowers ending their loans prematurely, the bank is entitled to recover the full ‘lost bargain’ value: the fixed interest it would have earned across the unbroken term, less the market floating rate available on the break date. As a stand‑in for that amount, the judge adopted the mark‑to‑market figure of the back‑to‑back hedges Clydesdale executed with its related entity, National Australia Bank (NAB). A notable oddity of this reasoning is that it leaves the borrowers’ contractual option to terminate early with meagre worth, and in practice treats them as ordinary contract breakers; as though they had entered interest rate swaps....

This Practice Note sets out the practical measures a tenant should take to renew its business tenancy under the Landlord and Tenant Act 1954 (LTA 1954) where the landlord does not object. It outlines how to serve a section 26 request for a new lease or respond to a landlord’s section 25 notice, the time limit for starting proceedings, agreeing extensions to that statutory limit, the required form and content of the claim, the correct court for issue, how to answer the claim, and the subsequent stages of the lease renewal process. Check LTA 1954 applies Before acting, confirm that LTA 1954 applies per s 23, namely: there is a periodic or fixed-term tenancy; the LTA 1954 does not cover, for example, a licence or a tenancy at will the tenant occupies at least part of the premises that occupation is wholly or partly for business purposes and the letting is not within a class excluded from LTA 1954 protection ...

PI & Clinical negligence horizon scanner—July 2025 [Archived] ARCHIVED: This Practice Note is archived and is not maintained. It summarises the principal legal developments relevant to personal injury and clinical negligence practitioners as at July 2025. For developments predating this horizon scanner, see PI and Clinical Negligence horizon scanning and key cases—overview. Key PI and clinical negligence developments The personal injury discount rate—a review In late 2024, the Lord Chancellor, Shabana Mahmood MP, revealed the outcome of her five‑month review of the discount rate, initiated in July 2024. One month after the new +0.5% discount rate took effect, Thea Wilson (barrister at 12 King’s Bench Walk) assesses its impact on cases, the responses from claimant and defendant representatives, and the consequences of the change for legal practitioners. See News Analysis: The personal injury discount rate—a review. MoJ announces reduction in CFO’s interest rates The Ministry of Justice (MoJ) has announced lower interest rates for the Courts Funds Office’s (CFO) special and basic accounts...

The outcome of an administration will frequently hinge on the worth of the company’s assets and the administrator’s capacity to handle those assets freely so as to secure the best possible result for creditors as a whole. The administrator is granted extensive powers to deal with property, including assets encumbered by various forms of security and quasi-security (for example, hire purchase or retention of title arrangements). A key advantage of administration is the protection created by the moratorium against enforcement by creditors, which permits the administrator to proceed without the constraints the company may have experienced before administration. The administrator may intend to sell or otherwise deploy charged property in order to meet one of the purposes of the administration, while, by contrast, a creditor may wish to enforce its security and recover what it is entitled to from a company it regards as at risk. These competing requirements need to be held in balance between administrator and creditor...

This Deed is made on [ insert day and month ] 20[ insert year ] Parties [ Insert name of Chargor ], being a company incorporated in England and Wales, with registered number [ insert company number ], and whose registered office is at [ insert address ] (the “ Chargor ”); and 1 [ Insert name of Security Agent ], acting as security agent and trustee for the Finance Parties pursuant to the terms and conditions set out in the [ Facilities Agreement OR Intercreditor Agreement OR Security Trust Deed ] (the “ Security Agent ”). Recitals: (A) The Finance Parties have consented to provide loan facilities subject to the terms and conditions set out in the Facilities Agreement (as defined below). (B) As a condition precedent to the loan facilities becoming available, the Chargor must execute this Deed for the purpose of granting security in favour of the Security Agent in relation to the Secured Obligations (as defined below)...

This Deed is executed on [ insert day and month ] 20[ insert year ] Parties [ insert name of Chargor ], a company incorporated in England and Wales with registered number [ insert company number ], with its registered office at [ insert address ] (the Chargor); and [ insert name of Lender ] of [ insert address ] (the Lender). Recitals: The Lender has agreed to provide a loan facility to the Chargor on the terms and conditions contained in the Facility Agreement (as defined below). As a condition precedent to the availability of that facility, the Chargor must enter into this Deed to create security in favour of the Lender for the Secured Obligations (as defined below)...

Definitions This Deed, between Lender and Borrower, defines key expressions used. Costs: all expenses on a full indemnity basis, including legal and professional fees. Event of Default: events in clauses 4.1.1–4.1.9. Financial Indebtedness: borrowing, bonds, finance leases, receivables financing, counter‑indemnities, and related guarantees. Insurance Policy: any current or future insurance benefiting the Borrower regarding the Real Property. Interest Rate: the stated annual rate or a closely comparable replacement if required. Legislation: UK laws and subordinate instruments, as amended, including approved codes of practice. Real Property: the assets in Schedule 1 together with buildings, fixtures and fixed plant. Receiver: any receiver (including a receiver and/or manager) appointed under this Deed or by law. Secured Obligations: all present and future liabilities to the Lender, including Costs and interest. Security Interest: any mortgage, charge, pledge, lien or similar arrangement conferring security. Security Period, VAT, Working Day: from today until full discharge; value added tax; any day except Saturday, Sunday...

What is the waste duty of care? Under section 34(1) of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (EPA 1990), businesses are required to handle controlled waste safely and dispose of it lawfully. This obligation is called the waste duty of care. Controlled waste covers household, industrial and commercial waste, and anything of that kind. In brief, the duty means waste holders must: ensure their waste goes to a suitably permitted facility ensure anyone managing their waste complies with permit conditions prevent the escape of waste transfer waste only to a registered carrier or authorised permit holder provide a written description of the waste when it is transferred Failure to meet these duties is an offence under EPA 1990, s 34(6), and is punishable: on summary conviction, by a fine not exceeding the statutory maximum on conviction on indictment, by a fine Who does the waste duty of care apply to?...

Disability discrimination Under section 6 of the Equality Act 2010 (EqA 2010) and EqA 2010, Sch 1, Pt 1, a diagnosis of cancer is treated, without further proof, as a disability for EqA 2010 purposes. See Practice Note: Disability. Attention must be given to the various forms of discrimination and other banned conduct contained in EqA 2010, as set out within that legislation and provisions therein. See the part of Practice Note: Disability discrimination headed ‘The basic types of discrimination and other prohibited conduct’, together with the fuller Practice Notes cited there and cross-referred within that section. For EqA 2010 purposes, a ‘dismissal’ also covers situations where an employee’s employment ends (and is not immediately renewed on identical terms) because a particular period has run out, or a particular event has happened, or a particular circumstance has arisen; this includes the ending of fixed-term contracts (EqA 2010, s 39(7)–(8)). Accordingly, the requirement to make reasonable adjustments binds employers when they are considering dismissing an employee; that is, dismissal will...

Trespasser or oral tenancy Given the circumstances and the length of time she has been there, it is improbable that the sister in law is occupying as either: a trespasser (albeit a tolerated one); or under a lease, since a lease may only be created orally where: the term does not exceed three years, it is not of an incorporeal hereditament, it takes effect in possession, and it is at the best rent reasonably obtainable without taking a fine. See the Law of Property Act 1925, ss 52 and 54, and our Q&A. A landlord let a property on an assured shorthold tenancy starting 4 May 2015 for a fixed term of six months. Rent falls due on the 4th day of each month. No deposit was taken and the tenants have committed no breaches. Unfortunately, there is no written tenancy agreement. The clients now wish to recover...