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Fuel cycle meaning

Published by a LexisNexis Energy expert
What does Fuel cycle mean?
In legal practice, fuel cycle describes the end‑to‑end chain for nuclear fuel: sourcing uranium or other nuclear material, conversion and enrichment, fuel fabrication, use in a reactor, interim storage of spent fuel, optional reprocessing, recycling of recovered fissile material, and final disposal of radioactive waste. The term is descriptive rather than a single statutory definition, but it is used in UK safeguards legislation, environmental permitting and transport regimes, and in IAEA instruments. A closed fuel cycle includes reprocessing of spent fuel and recycling of fissile materials. An open (once‑through) fuel cycle sends spent fuel for long‑term storage pending disposal in a permanent repository, without reprocessing. Legal significance: the chosen cycle affects licensing and consenting of nuclear installations, safeguards reporting, environmental permits and discharge limits, radioactive material transport approvals, export controls, and contractual allocation of waste and decommissioning liabilities. Closed cycles engage additional controls on reprocessing facilities and proliferation‑sensitive materials; open cycles emphasise long‑term waste management and geological disposal planning. Usage is broadly consistent across England & Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland under the UK nuclear and environmental regulatory framework. Ireland has no civil nuclear power or reprocessing, but the term is used in policy, safeguards, transport and transboundary environmental assessment, aligned with...
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NEWS
EU legal and regulatory weekly briefing—Commission 2025 Work Programme; finance, AI and data, life sciences, environment and international trade developments (13 February 2025)

In this issue Key developments Banking and finance Commercial Data protection and cybersecurity Financial services Environment Insurance and reinsurance IP Life sciences TMT International trade Daily and weekly news alerts New and updated content Trackers Key developments Commission approves 2025 Work Programme The Commission has signed off its 2025 Work Programme, setting out achievements since 2019 and mapping priority actions for 2025, including 18 further legislative proposals, alongside how it will implement the 2024–2029 political guidelines. The 2025 Work Programme builds on the recently launched Competitiveness Compass, a strategic framework designed to steer the Commission’s work over the next five years. See: LNB News 12/02/2025 67. Commission releases February 2025 infringement package The Commission has issued the February 2025 infringement package, outlining measures against EU Member States that have failed to meet obligations under EU law. This month’s package features letters of formal notice, reasoned opinions, and...

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PRACTICE NOTES
Civil nuclear energy in the UK: legal and regulatory overview of the fuel cycle, risks, financing (CfDs/RAB), new build, advanced technologies, fusion, and the 2025 Nuclear Regulatory Review

What is nuclear energy? Nuclear energy is the power released from the core of an atom (the ‘nucleus’). It can be produced in two ways: Fission — the split of a large atom into smaller atoms; Fusion — the joining of lighter atoms to create heavier atoms. Nuclear (fission) power plants split uranium atoms inside a reactor through fission. The heat generated produces steam, which turns a turbine to generate electricity. While fission is currently used commercially to produce energy, nuclear fusion is not yet commercially viable. See: What is the future of nuclear power generation in the UK? below. Various countries around the world are increasingly turning to nuclear energy to satisfy the rising need for clean energy and to strengthen their energy security. What is the nuclear fuel cycle? The set of industrial processes that results in electricity from nuclear reactions is known as the nuclear fuel cycle. It starts with the mining of uranium (or other ores...

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