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Fund as a whole' model meaning

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What does Fund as a whole' model mean?
In private equity and venture capital practice, a fund as a whole model (also called a European-style waterfall) is a carried interest distribution model that assesses performance at the level of the entire fund over its life. It is not defined by legislation or case law; it is market terminology used in limited partnership agreements across England & Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Ireland. Key features: - The distribution waterfall is applied by reference to the whole fund. Investors (limited partners) must first receive back all drawn-down capital and the agreed preferred return (hurdle). - Only after that point does the waterfall move to any GP catch-up and then to carried interest. A GP catch-up mechanism is commonly included to achieve the agreed carried interest split (for example, 20%). - Because carry is paid late in the fund’s life, the model typically reduces the scale of GP clawback risk and the need for extensive escrow arrangements, but clawback provisions are still common. This model is standard in the UK and Europe and contrasts with the deal-by-deal (American-style) model, where carry can be distributed on individual realisations subject to escrow and clawback protections. Usage is broadly consistent across the UK and Ireland.
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NEWS
UK, EU and international financial services regulation—weekly highlights: DORA, MiCA, EMIR 3, MiFID II, AML, enforcement, payments, insurance and ESG (19 December 2024)

In this issue: UK, EU and international regulators and bodies Prudential requirements Operational resilience Financial crime and sanctions Complaints, compensation and claims management Investigations, enforcement and discipline Regulation of benchmarks and IBOR reform Regulation of capital markets Regulation of derivatives Banks and mutuals Sustainable finance and ESG Investment funds and asset management UK MiFID II EU MiFID II Consumer credit, mortgage and home finance Regulation of insurance FSMA regulated pensions activity Payment services and systems Fintech and cryptoassets Financial Services Enforcement Database Daily and weekly news alerts Intraday news alerts New and updated content Dates for your diary Financial Services Highlights 2024/2025 UK, EU and international regulators and bodies Council of the European Union agrees to streamlined financial reporting and enhanced data-sharing rules for the EU financial sector The Council of the European Union and the European Parliament...

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NEWS
England & Wales and Scotland property disputes update: Renters’ Rights Act, leasehold reform judicial review upheld, Awaab’s Law duties, key landlord and tenant, service charge, insolvency and contractual cases

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PRACTICE NOTES
PPF levy regime: zero conventional levy, ongoing Alternative Covenant Schemes (ACS) charges, forthcoming legislative reforms and administration levy abolition; methodology, risk measurement, appeals and deadlines

STOP PRESS : On 18 March 2026, the Pension Protection Fund (PPF) issued its levy policy statement and the final rules for 2026/27, together with guidance for pension schemes on meeting the levy rule requirements, and setting out how the PPF intends to operate in areas where the rules allow discretion. The accompanying guidance explains how schemes should demonstrate compliance with the levy requirements and clarifies the PPF’s expected approach wherever discretion applies. The PPF’s policy statement and final rules for 2026/27 implement its earlier announcement confirming that no PPF levy will be charged to conventional schemes for 2026/27, while a proportionate, risk-based Alternative Covenant Schemes (ACS) levy will be retained. The existing ACS framework is largely unchanged; however, the PPF has committed to accelerate its review of the ACS levy methodology to ensure it remains proportionate from 2027/28 onwards. Meanwhile, it has introduced a limited set of targeted refinements, as consulted upon, alongside a small addition to the ACS Guidance prompted by consultation feedback. The PPF further notes...

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