GEO meaning

This Practice Note sets out detailed, relevant guidance on the principal legal and regulatory compliance obligations that a website operator should take into account within the EU, covering the following areas: the type and functionality of the website information disclosure requirements consumer protection data protection and privacy cookies accessibility cyber security platform-to-business online payments advertising, promotions and direct marketing AI competition law taxation liability for third party content intellectual property and observance of copyright geographic and territorial considerations Topics such as electronic data interchange (EDI), blockchain, smart contracts, or sector-specific laws and regulations—including those relating to financial services, intermediation services, or online auctions—fall outside the scope of this Practice Note. This Practice Note addresses only legislation that has been adopted to date by the EU. For further details on ongoing initiatives that may materially affect websites operating in the EU, also see Practice Note: Key EU digital...

In this issue: IP and technology Copyright & associated rights Trade marks/passing off General IP Daily and weekly news alerts New and updated content Dates for your diary Trackers Useful information IP and technology Commission opens call for evidence on EU Geo-blocking Regulation’s evaluation The European Commission is initiating a review of Regulation (EU) 2018/302 (the Geo-blocking Regulation), in place since December 2018. The exercise will examine whether the Regulation has met its goals of improving access to goods and services throughout the EU by tackling unjustified geo-blocking and discrimination linked to nationality, residence, or place of establishment. To support the evaluation process, a call for evidence has been launched seeking contributions from stakeholders. The period for feedback runs from 11 February 2025 to 11 March 2025. See: LNB News 11/02/2025 16... Commission publishes guidelines on AI system definition The European Commission has issued guidelines to help providers assess whether a software...

In this issue: EU fundamentals Commercial Competition and state aid Corporate Free movement, immigration and employment Financial services Energy Environment Life sciences Regulatory TMT Daily and weekly news alerts New and updated content Trackers EU fundamentals European Commission releases October 2025 infringement package The European Commission has unveiled its October 2025 infringement package, identifying the EU Member States facing proceedings for breaches of obligations arising under EU law. The dossier covers letters of formal notice, reasoned opinions, and referrals to the Court of Justice addressed to Belgium, Malta, Estonia, Austria, Poland, Portugal, the Netherlands and a number of additional countries. Actions relate to multiple instruments and rules, notably Directive 1999/31/EC (Landfill Directive), Directive (EU) 2020/2184 (Drinking Water Directive), and Directive 2011/92/EU (Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Directive), among related matters. See: LNB News 08/10/2025 39. ...

In this issue: New technologies Internet Advertising, marketing and sponsorship LexTalk®TMT: a Lexis®Nexis community Daily and weekly news alerts New and updated content Dates for your diary Trackers Latest Q&A Useful information New technologies The Official Journal of the EU records the formal withdrawal of several Commission proposals, including those on the EU AI Liability Directive, the SEP Regulation and the ePrivacy Regulation. See: LNB News 07/10/2025 12. The European Commission has launched the EU AI Act Service Desk and a Single Information Platform to support implementation of the EU AI Act. As envisaged by the Act, the platform will be a central point, offering guidance, interactive tools and an online form for queries to the Service Desk. The EU AI Act took effect on 1 August 2024; prohibitions and AI literacy duties start on 2 February 2025; governance rules and obligations for general-purpose AI apply from 2 August 2025; the Act is...

1. What is the applicable legislation? The rules governing foreign direct investment are set out in: Competition Law No. 21 of 10 April 1996, as later amended and republished, most recently by Government Emergency Ordinance (GEO) No. 17/2026 of 13 March 2026 (Competition Law 1996) Regulation on economic concentrations adopted by Order No. 432/2017 of the President of the Romanian Competition Council (RCC) Supreme Council for State Defence (CSAT) Decision No. 73/2012 concerning the application of article 46 paragraph (9) of the Competition Law 1996 GEO No. 46/2022 implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/452 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 March 2019 establishing a framework for the screening of foreign direct investments into the Union (FDI GEO 2022), published on 18 April 2022 and approved by Law No. 164 of 31 May 2023, further amended by GEO No. 108 of 29 November 2023, Law No. 231/2024 of 17 July 2024, GEO No. 152/2024 of 18 December 2024, and GEO No. 17/2026...

What is an intrusive site investigation? An intrusive (phase 2) site investigation involves geotechnical and geo-environmental specialists collecting detailed and reliable information on a site’s physical and chemical ground conditions. These findings are then applied to: the design of earthworks and foundations, and determining whether contamination is present The UK follows a risk-based framework for the identification, assessment and management of contaminated land, based on the idea of a contaminant linkage (once called a pollutant linkage), ie contaminant-pathway-receptor. For further information, see Practice Note: Contaminated land—risk assessment. Site characterisation is generally carried out in a clear staged manner: screening phase: an initial investigation consisting of a desk study phase 1: a site walkover and qualitative risk assessment phase 2: intrusive site investigations involving the analysis of soil, groundwater and/or gas samples and a quantitative risk assessment For further information on desktop studies and phase 1 assessments, see Practice Note: Environmental investigations—types of searches...

This Practice Note sets out the principal Irish legal and regulatory points a website operator should consider when running a site, such as: The type and functionality of the website Information disclosure requirements Consumer protection Privacy and data protection Cookies Accessibility Cybersecurity Platform-to-business Online payments Advertising, promotions and direct marketing Competition law Taxation Liability for third party content Intellectual property and respecting copyright Geographic and territorial considerations Consideration of electronic data interchange (EDI) arrangements, blockchain, smart contracts or sector-specific laws or regulations, including those applicable to financial services, intermediation services or online auctions, is outside the scope of this Practice Note. The type and functionality of the website Applicable compliance duties and rules differ according to a site’s nature, functionality or purpose. Pinpointing these characteristics is the crucial first step for an operator to establish its Irish legal and compliance obligations. For example, is the website ‘information only’;...

1 Overall risk appetite [ Insert organisation name ] holds an overall [ low OR medium OR high ] appetite for risk. [ Insert organisation name ] will pursue its strategic aims in line with this risk appetite statement. 2 Risk appetite by category Risk category and description Strategic: risks that might cause business failure or obstruct achievement of strategic objectives. Examples Business development, corporate governance, weak succession planning, mergers and acquisitions, launching new lines, future-proofing, and choice of business location. Ability to adapt to shifts in internal and external operating conditions. Terrorism, pandemics, floods, fires, severe weather, earthquakes, or volcanic activity at a critical business site. Political, geo-political, or external stakeholder events that affect the organisation’s capacity to meet objectives. Customer-facing matters, e.g. changes in consumer preferences, competitor innovation, product liability, import and export controls (including trade sanctions), and other rival activity. Overall appetite for this category of risk Overall appetite for this...