Infrastructure meaning

Checklist This Checklist is chiefly intended primarily for customers (licencees). It provides an overview of the key terms commonly and usually found in a supplier agreement to licence ‘on‑premise’ software installed on the customer’s own infrastructure. For issues related to the licensing and deployment of software as a service (SaaS), see Practice Note: Cloud computing—introduction and Precedent: Software as a service (SaaS) agreement—pro-customer, accordingly. For further reading and template documents relating to this Checklist, see the following: Practice Note: Key issues in software licence agreements Practice Note: Warranties and indemnities in software licence agreements Precedent: Software licence—pro-customer Precedent: Software licence—pro-supplier Negotiation guide—IT contracts Further information Notes (if any) Grant and scope of licence Is the software described clearly and adequately? The customer should be clear about what it is contracting for. There may also be warranties from the supplier that the software will perform as described. Who is permitted to use the software?...

This timeline shows key developments relating to Assimilated Regulation (EU) 648/2012 (UK EMIR) from 2024 onwards For prior milestones, consult European Market Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR)—timeline [Archived]. 23 January 2026 — ISDA | UK Finance ISDA and UK Finance Respond to FCA and HMT Consultations The International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) and UK Finance filed joint submissions to a Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) consultation and an HM Treasury (HMT) draft statutory instrument, focused on simplifying the UK EMIR intragroup framework. The measures would create a permanent, streamlined intragroup regime under UK EMIR and codify, on an enduring basis, exemptions available under the temporary intragroup exemption. ISDA backs the approach and encourages additional simplifications. 11 December 2025 — BoE Consultation paper: Exempting post-trade risk reduction transactions from the clearing obligation The Bank of England (BoE) is seeking views on proposals to exclude trades executed as part of a post-trade risk reduction service from the derivatives clearing obligation set out in Article 4 of UK...

When assessing an outsourcing arrangement, a number of competition law considerations arise. From a competition viewpoint, the principal questions are: whether the deal constitutes a notifiable transaction under merger control regimes, and whether the prohibitions on anti-competitive agreements are engaged. Overlooking these points can have serious outcomes, from agreements being void and unenforceable to substantial financial penalties. This Checklist offers a high-level summary of key issues and how competition law may affect outsourcing arrangements. An outline of an outsourcing The hallmark of outsourcing is that one or more external suppliers provide the customer with services for business processes previously handled in-house. Companies frequently move non-core functions—particularly IT, finance and HR—to specialist suppliers, sometimes offshore, who can offer cost-effective delivery due to: lower labour costs more modern technology, and sharing technology and infrastructure to support multiple customers. The scope of services transferred is often sizeable and may constitute a significant part of the customer’s...

Checklist Many family-run enterprises often begin with a largely informal governance arrangement; relatives share a tacit grasp of duties and relationships, and decisions are taken swiftly at the kitchen table. By their nature these businesses are flexible and informal, with priorities typically guided by doing what is best for the family in line with the family’s values, rather than being driven solely by owners’ profit. However, as the business develops and more family members and other employees come on board, managing operations in this ad hoc way becomes progressively harder, as what was once straightforward to coordinate across a small group becomes complex to control as headcount and responsibilities increase. The pros and cons of formalising the family business are addressed in Practice Note: Family businesses. This checklist sets out questions an adviser can put to the family (or that the family can consider themselves) to help design an effective structure for the family business. The same questions will also help identify the matters to be covered in any...

This Flowchart This Flowchart explains the route by which appropriate consent under the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002, s 335 is approved or refused, and clearly sets out precisely what you must do—or avoid doing—at each point in the procedure...

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Mergers The Commission approved purchase of joint control of a fibre-to-the-home network from Digi Spain Telecom, S.L.U. by Sota Investments (UK) Holdco Limited and Aberdeen Infrastructure IV-A, B.V....

In this issue: Air emissions and climate change Contamination and pollution Energy efficiency and buildings Energy for environmental lawyers Environmental information Environmental taxes, reliefs and incentives ESG and sustainability Hazardous substances and chemicals Nature, biodiversity and habitat conservation Waste Water, flooding and drainage Daily and weekly news alerts New and updated content Air emissions and climate change Greenhouse Gas Removals (GGR)-UK government publishes Business Model documentation On 27 August 2025, the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ) released a suite of papers on its proposed Greenhouse Gas Removals (GGR) Business Model and accompanying policy. The Lexis+ Energy team, working with Navraj Singh Ghaleigh, Senior Lecturer in Climate Law at the University of Edinburgh Law School, set out the context for the GGR Business Model; its relationship with the Power BECCS Business Model; the technologies the GGR framework intends to encompass; its legal footing and principal features; and how...

In this issue: Key developments and materials Electricity and gas market regulation and licensing Networks and network connections Conventional power, waste to energy, biomass, and CHP projects Nuclear energy Air emissions, efficiency, and climate change International energy Daily and weekly news alerts New and updated content Dates for your diary Trackers Key developments and materials Friends of the Earth has won a pivotal High Court judgment against the government, with the court ruling that the climate strategy advanced by the Secretary of State for Energy Security and Net Zero is unlawful. The court determined that adopting the Carbon Budget Delivery Plan contravened the Climate Change Act 2008. See: LNB News 03/05/2024 70. Electricity and gas market regulation and licensing Ofgem has released its conclusions on the consultation regarding updates to the licence fee cost recovery principles (LFCRP) and issued the LFCRP for May 2024. After reviewing consultees’ submissions, Ofgem confirmed it...

Transport projects This Practice Note provides a concise overview of transport projects and signposts useful materials on the topic available from LexisNexis® and other external sources. Transport plays a vital role in economic and social development at regional, national and international levels... Initiatives in this field generally demand significant investment and sophisticated infrastructure, and are frequently lengthy, demanding and of notably high value. Transport projects commonly need to align local and/or national infrastructure policies and funding approaches with the commercial aims and expectations of private sector organisations involved in their delivery... Activities in the transport sector span a wide range of modes and related infrastructure, including: roads—road widening, toll roads, smart motorways, safety improvements, congestion relief rail (light and heavy)—station upgrades/enhancements, renewing and enhancing rail infrastructure, viaducts, lineside infrastructure airports and aviation (airside and landside)—terminal construction/enhancement, baggage handling Together, these areas reflect the breadth and complexity of transport projects and the need to balance public policy and funding priorities...

Background Financial conglomerates are sizeable groups active across more than one financial arena—banking, investment and insurance. They typically have intricate structures, operate across borders, and the wider organisation may include unregulated entities (from a financial legislation perspective), as well as entities not involved in financial services or engaged in non-financial activities. Historically, the bancassurance approach has been the leading operating model for such groups. Bancassurers bring together banking and insurance within a single organisation, enabling a full range of financial products in a one-stop shopping model—from conventional banking, through mutual funds, to insurance products. For insurers, bancassurance opens new distribution channels supported by a stable customer base; for banks, it broadens the product mix and lifts profitability by selling more through the same infrastructure already in place, thereby reducing fixed and overhead operating costs (economies of scale). Financial conglomerates conduct a variety of financial activities, each supervised under its own sectorial regime. There was a concern that this sectorial focus produced gaps and failed to capture the risks generated...

What does this Practice Note cover? The primary emphasis of this Practice Note is on debt securities (such as bonds or notes) and it provides an introduction to: trading, settlement and custody of debt securities in the UK, and the key UK regulatory frameworks that govern these activities This Practice Note also highlights the main categories of relevant service providers and summarises the UK regulatory frameworks applicable to them. For a quick summary of how the debt capital markets are regulated in the UK, see Practice Note: EU and UK regulation of the debt capital markets—one minute guide. For information on the debt securities market infrastructure in the EU, see Practice Note: EU Debt securities market infrastructure. Introduction The importance of tradeability of debt securities Tradeability is a fundamental attribute of debt securities. Investors’ ability to purchase and sell—trade—debt securities depends on: standardisation of the terms and conditions of debt securities (for more information, see Practice...

This Agreement is entered into on [ insert date ] of [ insert month ] [ insert year ] by and between: [ insert name ], of [ insert address ] (' Council '); [ insert name ], of [ insert address ] (' County Council '); [ insert name ], a company duly incorporated and registered in [ insert details ] under number [ insert details ], whose registered office is at [ insert address ] (' Developer '); [ Additional parties as necessary eg owner, landlord, mortgagee, option holder etc. ] (' [ insert additional parties as necessary eg owner, landlord, mortgagee, option holder etc ] '). Recitals The Council is the local planning authority for the purposes of section 106 of the 1990 Act for the area within which the Land is situated and is the body by whom the obligations contained in this Deed are enforceable. The County Council is the local highway...

STOP PRESS: THE NEW ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS CODE CAME INTO FORCE ON 28 DECEMBER 2017. This precedent was prepared against the backdrop of the former Code, and its substance may still be pertinent for the transitional arrangements contained in the new Code. It remains useful context. The transitional arrangements in the new Code, set out in Schedule 2 to the Digital Economy Act 2017, state that existing agreements under the former Code (ie an agreement under paragraph 2 or 3, or a court order conferring Code rights under paragraph 5 of the former Code) will continue to have effect once the new Code commences, albeit with certain modifications. For added detail on the transitional arrangements, see: New Electronic Communications Code—Code rights—Transitional provisions (Schedule 2 DEA 2017). For further information regarding the new Code, please consult Practice Notes: New Electronic Communications Code—Code rights and New Electronic Communications Code—terminating and modifying Code rights. The City of London Law Society published a new Digital Fixed Line Infrastructure Agreement for the New Electronic Communications...

This Deed comprising a unilateral undertaking is hereby executed on [ insert day ] of [ insert month ] by: Parties [ insert name of developer ] of [ insert address ] (the Developer); and [ insert name of any additional parties as necessary eg owner, landlord, mortgagee, option holder etc ] of [ insert address of relevant party ] (the Owner/Landlord/Mortgagee etc) TO THE [ insert name ] COUNCIL of [ insert address of Council ] (the Council). BACKGROUND (A) The Council acts as the local planning authority for the purposes of s 106 of the 1990 Act for the area within which the Land lies. (B) [ Set out ownership particulars for the Land ]. (C) The Developer has lodged the Application with the Council and the Council has decided it will issue the Permission, conditional upon this Undertaking being completed. [ The Secretary of State has called in the Application for [ his/her...

Stop press : The Levelling up and Regeneration Act 2023 obtained Royal Assent on 26 October 2023. This content is presently under review to ensure consistency with the Act. The Community Infrastructure Levy (CIL) originates in section 205 of the Planning Act 2008 (PA 2008) and took effect in 2010. It permits local authorities to levy a charge on new developments within their area where a new dwelling is created or additional floor space of 100sqm or more is provided. The detailed provisions are contained in the Community Infrastructure Levy Regulations 2010 (CILR 2010), SI 2010/948, made pursuant to PA 2008...

Section 106 agreements (section 106 of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990 (TCPA 1990)) These provisions enable any person with an interest in land to, ‘by agreement or otherwise’, enter into obligations under TCPA 1990, s 106(1)(a) to (d), which may: limit or control the development or use of the land require that specified operations or works are carried out stipulate that the land is used in a particular way require payment of a sum or sums to the authority As s 106 allows obligations to be given ‘by agreement or otherwise’, they may equally be created by a unilateral undertaking, rather than solely through an agreement. This note considers both mechanisms and their effect in practice. For either an agreement or a unilateral undertaking to bind all interests in the land, everyone holding an interest must be joined as a party to the agreement, or must join in the unilateral undertaking, as appropriate. In either event, the local...

State Aid: The Basics Guide The Department for Business, Innovation & Skills’ July 2015 guide, State Aid: The Basics Guide, explains that state aid arises wherever public resources are used to give organisations an edge over others, potentially distorting competition and harming consumers and businesses across the EU. The concept is deliberately wide, as an “advantage” can be delivered in many ways, for example: grants loans tax breaks the use or sale of a state asset free of charge or for less than market value Public authorities, including local authorities in England and Wales, are accountable for ensuring their policies and projects comply with these requirements. During the implementation period following Brexit, state aid rules continue to apply in the UK. The annex to the Department for Education’s November 2019 publication, Securing Developer Contributions for Education, notes that unlawful state aid can occur in relation to developer contributions towards education...