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Location-based services meaning

What does Location-based services mean?
Location-based services are services that determine and use a device user’s geographic position to deliver functionality or content (for example, maps, ride‑hailing, geofencing marketing, fraud prevention and emergency location). The term is descriptive rather than a statutory definition, but “location data” is defined for electronic communications providers in the UK Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations (PECR) and the Irish ePrivacy Regulations, and precise geolocation will generally be personal data under the UK GDPR/EU GDPR. These services rely on network‑ or device‑based technologies such as GPS/GNSS, mobile cell‑site data, Wi‑Fi positioning and Bluetooth beacons, offering metre‑level accuracy in many cases. Key legal issues for practitioners include: transparency and notices; identifying a lawful basis under UK GDPR/EU GDPR (consent or, where appropriate, legitimate interests); PECR/ePrivacy consent where electronic communications location data is processed; data minimisation, security and retention; children’s data; international transfers; and carrying out a DPIA for systematic or large‑scale tracking. App‑level permissions do not, by themselves, satisfy GDPR consent standards. Use and terminology are broadly consistent across England & Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Ireland. Emergency services location (e.g. AML/E112) and lawful disclosure to competent authorities are subject to specific telecoms and public safety regimes.
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View the related Checklists about Location-based services

CHECKLISTS
UK B2B Services Agreements Negotiation Checklist: Customer, Supplier and Balanced Positions Across Key Clauses

Introduction This checklist sits alongside the more detailed Practice Note: Negotiation guide—services agreements. It serves as a quick-look aide and concentrates on the principal, generic points that commonly surface across most forms of services agreement. It leaves out certain specialist matters addressed in Practice Note: Negotiation guide—services agreements that tend to arise only in particular categories of services arrangements or those of greater complexity (eg acceptance testing, audit rights, TUPE, step-in rights, benchmarking and exit assistance). It sets out the customer’s and the supplier’s optimal stances for each topic, then offers a proposed middle-ground position (which is not intended to be comprehensive). For deeper analysis and explanation of each point, refer to Practice Note: Negotiation guide—services agreements. For balanced precedent contracts, which implement much of what is explored here and in the negotiation guide, see Precedents: Services agreement—one-off supply—balanced, Services agreement (ongoing supply)—balanced and Framework services agreement—single contract with call-off orders—balanced. This checklist is relevant only to business-to-business dealings in commercial practice...

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CHECKLISTS
Using recruitment agencies: employer checklist and legal duties in Great Britain under the Conduct Regulations 2003, Employment Agencies Act 1973, Equality Act 2010, and UK GDPR/Data Protection Act 2018

Employers engaging a recruitment agency or executive search (‘headhunting’) service should consider the implications of: the Employment Agencies Act 1973 (EAA 1973) and the Conduct of Employment Agencies and Employment Businesses Regulations 2003, SI 2003/3319 (as amended) (Conduct Regulations 2003) the Equality Act 2010 (EqA 2010), which includes specific rules on discrimination by recruitment agencies Assimilated Regulation (EU) 2016/679, UK General Data Protection Regulation (UK GDPR) and the Data Protection Act 2018 (DPA 2018) Conduct regulations-agency's general obligations For the purposes of the Conduct Regulations 2003, a recruitment agency is treated as an ‘employment agency’. For activities excluded from the scope of the EAA 1973, see Employment agencies and employment businesses-Scope of the legislation. A recruitment agency is subject to the following overarching obligations: a broad ban on charging work-seekers fees for finding them work; this does not stop the agency charging for ancillary services such as transport, accommodation, CV writing, photographic services, or training it must...

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CHECKLISTS
2013 FCA consultation papers tracker (UK): summaries, consultation periods, and final outcomes (Policy Statements, Handbook Notices, rules and guidance) [Archived]

This tracker outlines the consultation papers issued by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) in 2013, together with notice of any later rules and guidance published. For FCA consultation papers from different years, see: FCA consultation paper trackers. For Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA) and Financial Services Authority (FSA) consultation papers, see: PRA consultation paper tracker [Archived] FSA consultation paper tracker [Archived] Topic area: Consumer credit; Disclosure and transparency; Supervision; Funds CP13/18: Quarterly Consultation Paper No. 3 The FCA proposed to: make small changes associated with transferring consumer credit regulation from the Office of Fair Trading (OFT) to the FCA (chapter 2) bring in an administrative fee to recover costs arising from listed issuers’ late publication of periodic financial statements under the Disclosure and Transparency Rules (DTRs) (chapter 3) broaden the ability of authorised fund managers and others to communicate with unit-holders electronically, including via website-based communications (chapter 4) revise the process for handling a waiver application...

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FLOWCHARTS
UK-based services outsourcing lifecycle: legal and commercial flowchart from procurement to exit

Select this link to open or print the full-size PDF:...

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NEWS
Dispute Resolution Weekly: CPRC reforms, junior advocacy guidance, cryptoasset injunctions, solicitor-client costs/CFA rulings, disclosure and appeals updates, consultations and key dates (England and Wales), 17 July 2025

In this issue Key DR developments Claims and remedies Costs and funding Litigation Applications—general Evidence and disclosure Appeals New content Dates for your diary Useful information Daily and weekly news alerts Key DR developments CPR Committee minutes Minutes of the CPR Committee meeting—6 June 2025: The Civil Procedure Rule Committee met on 6 June 2025 in a hybrid session at The Rolls Building (Royal Courts of Justice) and via video conference. The minutes confirm a forthcoming CPR 51 pilot enabling non-parties to obtain court documents, arising from the Supreme Court ruling in Cape Intermediate Holdings Ltd v Dring [2019] UKSC 38. They also record approved amendments to the e‑working pilot, progressing towards a permanent electronic filing system as part of ongoing court modernisation. Further topics included summary assessment of costs, arbitration updates, disclosure, civil restraint orders, closed material procedures, judicial review reforms for infrastructure projects, whiplash reforms, digital services and other procedural...

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NEWS
UK banking and finance weekly briefing: case law, lending and security, DCM and derivatives, regulatory and securitisation reforms, restructuring, AI and digital assets (Scotland), Basel III—28 November 2024

In this issue: Banking and Finance case round-up Lending Security Debt capital markets Derivatives Regulation for derivatives lawyers Securitisation and structured products Restructuring Technology in banking & finance transactions Regulation for banking lawyers Scotland Daily and weekly news alerts New and updated content Useful information Banking and Finance case round-up Banking & Finance—November 2024 case round-up For a summary of the cases we flagged in Banking & Finance during October 2024, refer to News Analysis: Banking & Finance—November 2024 case round-up. Lending Re KRF Services (UK) Ltd [2024] EWHC 2978 (Ch) The judgment addressed a High Court application for an administration order, heard in that court, and centred on two key points of interest: (i) whether the sole director’s resolution to seek an administration order was effective; and (ii) the effect of the sanctions regime. On the first question, the court examined the company’s unamended Model...

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NEWS
UK competition law update: CMA Phase 2 provisional SLC finding in Aramark/Entier offshore catering; no marine concerns; CAT refuses Meta appeal in Lovdahl Gormsen collective action (24 October 2025)

Mergers CMA issues interim report in Aramark/Entier merger in phase 2 investigation; provisionally finds competition concerns The CMA has published its interim report and interim report notice on the completed purchase by Aramark Limited (Aramark) of Entier Limited (Entier). Aramark is an international food and facilities management services supplier, based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, and is listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Entier is a British catering firm with its head office in Westhill, Aberdeenshire. Aramark and Entier both deliver catering services to customers across the UK. They overlap in the provision of offshore catering and related facilities management services (OCS) to clients, including for assets located on the UK Continental Shelf (UKCS)...

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View the related Practice Notes about Location-based services

PRACTICE NOTES
Ireland: EU GDPR Personal Data Breach Management, Risk Assessment and Notification - Practical Guide Based on DPC and EDPB Guidance

Data security sits at the heart of the EU General Data Protection Regulation (EU GDPR). The sixth data protection principle—integrity and confidentiality—requires you to adopt suitable technical and organisational measures so that personal data is processed with appropriate security, including: protection against unauthorised or unlawful processing accidental loss, destruction, or damage This Practice Note reflects Data Protection Commission (DPC) guidance on personal data breaches under the EU GDPR, and also draws on guidance from the European Data Protection Board (EDPB). Data security requirements Article 32 puts practical detail behind the GDPR’s integrity and confidentiality principle. You must implement appropriate technical and organisational measures to achieve a level of security proportionate to the risk, taking into account: the nature, scope, context, and purpose of processing the risk of varying likelihood and severity for the rights and freedoms of data subjects Where appropriate, your security measures should include: the pseudonymisation and encryption of...

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PRACTICE NOTES
European Commission Article 14(1) EUMR investigation into KKR's alleged incorrect, incomplete or misleading information in the NetCo merger review (M.12099)

CASE HUB See more, timeline, commentary and connected cases. Case facts European Commission merger inquiry under Article 14(1) EUMR into inaccurate or misleading information supplied by KKR during the Commission’s 2024 review of KKR’s acquisition of NetCo. Latest developments On 24 July 2025, the Commission opened its investigation. Parties KKR & Co. Inc (KKR): Headquartered in the US, KKR is a global investment firm providing alternative asset management alongside capital markets and insurance services. NetCo: Based in Italy, NetCo is a newly established company that comprises FiberCop—presently jointly controlled by KKR and TIM—as well as TIM’s primary and backbone fixed-line network...

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PRACTICE NOTES
UK–Australia Free Trade Agreement sanitary and phytosanitary regime: scope, WTO SPS alignment, science-based risk, regionalisation, equivalence, import conditions, audits, certification, checks and emergency measures

This Practice Note offers practical guidance on sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures within the Australia and United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement (Aus-UK FTA). Introduction The Aus-UK FTA spans trade in goods and services, along with a range of matters linked to those areas. In respect of trade in goods, it covers: rules of origin. For guidance on rules of origin under the Aus-UK FTA, see Practice Note: Rules of origin of the Aus-UK FTA. For guidance on claiming origin under the Aus-UK FTA, see Practice Note: How to claim preference under the Aus-UK FTA customs procedure and trade facilitation technical barriers to trade, and trade remedies Chapter 6 of the Aus-UK FTA addresses SPS measures. Chapter 6 aims to: protect human, animal and plant life and health within the parties’ territories while enabling trade between them ensure the parties’ SPS measures do not create unjustified barriers to trade reinforce and build upon implementation of...

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PRECEDENTS
ET1 particulars: automatic unfair dismissal for breaching unenforceable zero hours exclusivity clause (Exclusivity Terms in Zero Hours Contracts (Redress) Regulations 2015; s27A ERA 1996)

1 The Claimant was engaged by the Respondent from [ insert date ] as a bicycle courier, based at the Respondent’s premises at [ insert address ]. The Respondent is a company that provides delivery services throughout the Greater London area...

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PRECEDENTS
Precedent Film Crew Member Services Letter Agreement (Freelance; Independent Contractor) with IP Assignment, Confidentiality and Data Protection — England and Wales

From: [ insert name of production company ] at [ insert address ] (the Producer) To: [ insert name ] at [ insert address ] (you) Date: [ date ] Dear [ insert name ] We write to record the agreement between you and the Producer for your services, which will be provided under the terms and conditions detailed below. In this letter, Personal Data refers to any details about a living person that enable identification, whether directly or indirectly, notably by reference to an identifier such as a name, an identification number, location data or an online identifier, or to one or more elements specific to that individual’s physical, physiological, genetic, mental, economic, cultural or social identity. 1 Engagement 1.1 The Producer retains you and, in consideration of the Producer’s undertakings set out in paragraph 3, you agree to supply the Producer with your services as a [ specify capacity ] (Services) in connection with [ insert name of production ] (the...

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PRECEDENTS
Fatal Accidents: Schedule of Loss and Dependency Precedent (England and Wales) - LR(MP)A 1934 and FAA 1976, services and financial dependency, interest, Ogden tables at 0.5%

Schedule of loss & dependency in a fatal accident claim [ IN THE COUNTY COURT AT [ INSERT ] OR IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUSTICE ] [ [ Specify division ] ] [ [ Insert location ] DISTRICT REGISTRY ] Claim No: Between AB, Claimant (the Widow and Executrix of the estate of A, deceased) and C Limited, Defendant Note On 2 December 2024 the Lord Chancellor confirmed that the discount rate would move to a positive 0.5%. That positive 0.5% rate takes effect from 11 January 2025. Under Schedule A1 to the Damages Act 1996, later reviews must occur within five years of the end of the previous review, meaning the next review must begin on or before 2 December 2029. The Claimant retains the right to revise, modify or supplement this schedule at any time up to and including trial...

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