Parent meaning

Procedural Guide This Procedural Guide explains the process for seeking an enforcement order under the Children Act 1989 (ChA 1989) to secure compliance with a child arrangements order (CAO). Such an order may require the respondent to complete unpaid work. It sets out details of the following: Who can apply Pre-action requirements Criminal standard of proof Orders the court may make Restrictions on making an enforcement order The procedure applies where a CAO has a warning notice properly attached and it is alleged the order has been breached, making enforcement necessary. Enforcing contact provisions can be difficult where the parent with whom the child lives is opposed to contact. Under ChA 1989 the court has extended powers to enforce all provisions of CAOs, not just those about contact but also those concerning a child’s living arrangements...

This checklist sets out the key issues to consider when reviewing a PCG on behalf of a contractor who is being asked to provide a PCG. The terms 'contractor' and 'employer' are used, but the same principles also extend to arrangements between a contractor and a sub-contractor, or between an employer/contractor and a consultant. As PCGs are commonly bespoke, the particular context should be taken into account when assessing a PCG. For a fuller discussion of these points, see Practice Note: Parent company guarantees (PCGs) in construction—drafting and negotiation issues. Is the contractor obliged under the Building Contract to provide a PCG? If not, there is no requirement for the contractor to deliver one. Nevertheless, a contractor might still agree to give a PCG to reassure the employer and to create or sustain a good working relationship. Do the contractor’s internal policies allow the issue of PCGs, and is any approval necessary? Many businesses would opt to give a PCG rather than a performance bond,...

This checklist outlines matters a potential buyer (and its advisers) ought to weigh up when acquiring the share capital or business assets of a firm authorised by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) or the Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA) under the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (FSMA 2000), or authorised or registered by the FCA under the Payment Services Regulations 2017, SI 2017/752 (PSRs 2017). It is designed to help purchasers compile a due diligence questionnaire and to flag other central elements of the transaction. It is not exhaustive and additional considerations may arise. Due diligence Authorisations and licences Review the Financial Services Register for the target’s FCA or PRA authorisation under FSMA 2000 and the scope of permissions attached to that authorisation, or for FCA authorisation or registration under the PSRs 2017; also confirm the authorisations and permissions of any group entities. Verify that activities undertaken by the target (and any group members) align with the permissions recorded on the Financial Services Register... ...

Antitrust Commission penalises Eurofield and Unanime Sport €172,000 for incomplete information in synthetic turf sector probe The Commission stated it has imposed fines totalling about €172,000 on Eurofield SAS (Eurofield) and Unanime Sport SAS (Unanime Sport), the ultimate parent of Eurofield at the time of the infringement, for submitting an incomplete response to an information request issued as part of its ongoing inquiry into a possible infringement of Article 101(1) TFEU. Background On 7 June 2023, the Commission revealed that it had carried out unannounced inspections at the premises of companies active in the synthetic turf sector across several Member States. It explained that the inquiry concerns synthetic turf for sports use and noted its concerns that the inspected companies may have breached Article 101 TFEU. In the course of this investigation, the Commission also sent requests for information to the companies under investigation, including Eurofield...

Simkova v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions [2025] UKSC 41 What are the practical implications of this case? First, it is settled that EU nationals living in the UK, whose children reside in an EU member state, cannot receive the Universal Credit child element for those children. This holds even where the parent pays towards the children’s maintenance and support, notwithstanding the realities of cross‑border family life. Second, the judgment shows the courts continue to grapple with dense EU law even after Brexit, specifically in areas where the UK‑EU Withdrawal Agreement preserves direct effect. It underscores the ongoing need to interpret and apply those preserved rules when they bear on disputes arising in the domestic benefits system, for cases such as this. Third, this appeal did not give the Supreme Court an opportunity to define the scope of its discretion to seek a CJEU ruling on a question under Part Two of the Agreement concerning citizens’ rights. That discretion applies only to proceedings...

The Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) stated on 8 March 2024 that it strongly disputes a judgment delivered the same day by the Competition Appeal Tribunal (CAT), which concluded that enforcement officials had not put crucial questions to a witness during the drugmakers’ appeal hearings. In July 2021, the CMA levied fines over alleged deals involving two companies now part of Accord Healthcare, together with their former parent Allergan plc, said to have postponed the launch of generic versions of the medicine produced by Waymade and AMCo, now Advanz Pharma. On 8 March 2024, Sarah Cardell, the CMA’s chief executive, said the authority had imposed substantial penalties after determining the firms took part in a market‑sharing arrangement that deprived the NHS of possible “savings from competition for this essential medicine”. Cardell added that the CAT’s decision to allow the appeals is “fundamentally misconceived”, describing the ruling’s consequences as “highly concerning”, and confirming the CMA will appeal and is resolute in pursuing the case. The tribunal had earlier reached a decision...

This Practice Note outlines the concept of parental responsibility for children under section 3 of the Children Act 1989 (ChA 1989). It describes what sits within the scope of parental responsibility and how the courts have read this concept in connection with matters such as education, religious upbringing, consent to medical treatment, changing a child’s surname, and removing a child from the jurisdiction. Definition Parental responsibility relates to the care and raising of a child until they reach adulthood. Under the ChA 1989, parental responsibility comprises all the rights, duties, powers, responsibilities and authority that, in law, a parent holds in respect of their child and the child’s property. It also embraces the rights, powers and duties that a guardian of the child’s estate (appointed before the ChA 1989 commenced) possessed in relation to the child’s property. Those rights extend to receiving or recovering, in the guardian’s own name for the child’s benefit, property of any description and wherever located to which the child is entitled to receive...

The company establishing a SIP The company setting up a share incentive plan (SIP) does not need to be the same entity whose shares are allocated. However, both: the shares to be granted, and the connection between the SIP-establishing entity and the company whose shares are issued must satisfy the relevant legislative conditions. A SIP can be created either: solely for employees of the company that establishes it; or for those employees and for employees of other companies it controls (a group plan)—see Constituent companies below. In a group where the parent company’s shares are to be awarded, there are two options: the parent company may establish the SIP and extend it to the appropriate subsidiaries; or each subsidiary may establish its own SIP, provided the other statutory requirements concerning the shares under award are met—see Requirements for the shares. The advantage of each subsidiary operating its...

STOP PRESS: The Economic Crime and Corporate Transparency Act 2023 (ECCTA 2023) secured Royal Assent on 26 October 2023. Its objective is to strengthen corporate transparency in the UK, primarily via Companies House reform and amendments to provisions of the Companies Act 2006. The Act also looks to modernise the regime for limited partnerships and confer stronger powers to address economic crime. ECCTA 2023 will be commenced in stages. Several provisions commenced on 4 March 2024 and may affect this content. For further details, see Practice Notes: Implementation of the Economic Crime and Corporate Transparency Act 2023 and The Economic Crime and Corporate Transparency Act 2023—tracker, especially the legislation and consultation tracker. Rules and guidance The statutory requirements for the annual accounts of limited liability partnerships (LLPs) that meet the micro-entity threshold (a subset of small LLPs) are contained in: Part 15 of the Companies Act 2006 (CA 2006) The Limited Liability Partnerships (Accounts and Audit) (Application of Companies Act 2006) Regulations 2008,...

This Agreement, dated [ • ] 20[ • ], is entered into between the following parties: Parties [ insert name of Borrower ], a company incorporated in England and Wales with registered number [ insert company number ], whose registered office is at [ insert address ] (the Borrower); and [ insert name of Lender ] of [ insert address ] (the Lender). Background (A) [ insert description of background to transaction ]. (B) The Lender has agreed to provide the Facility (as defined below) to the Borrower on the terms and conditions contained in this Agreement...

Strictly Private & Confidential Do not distribute beyond [ insert organisation's name ] [ group ] From: [ Head of Legal ] To: [ recipients ] Subject: Retention of documents and data To address any prospective information requests from [ regulators including the SFO, FCA or any other agency ], [ insert organisation's name ], together with any of its [ parent corporations, subsidiaries (‘[ insert organisation's name ] Group’) ] affiliates, predecessors, successors, general partners, limited partners, officers, directors, or employees, may need to supply specified documents and records concerning [ Project X ]. Therefore, until you receive further instruction, please refrain from amending, deleting,...

Instructions: please read all of this before filling in the form Throughout this form, when we refer to: the ‘child’, we mean the child (including an unborn child) for whom you intend to take shared parental leave/pay; and the ‘Mother’, we mean that child’s mother or expectant mother. To take shared parental leave and/or claim shared parental pay, you must be: the child’s father; and/or married to the Mother; or the Mother’s civil partner; or the Mother’s ‘partner’. In this form, ‘partner’ means someone who lives with the Mother and will live with the child in an ‘enduring family relationship’, but is not the Mother’s child, parent (including adoptive or former adoptive parents), grandchild, grandparent, brother, sister, half-brother, half-sister, aunt, uncle, niece or nephew. Provided you fall into one or more of the categories above, every reference in this form to the ‘Father or Partner’ is a reference to you...

The young person is now past 18, has finished secondary schooling and is moving on to higher education. The prior maintenance arrangement has now ceased, and the child intends to seek financial provision under Schedule 1 of the Children Act 1989 (ChA 1989) by making their application. Under ChA 1989, Sch 1, a parent, guardian, or special guardian of a child, or any person in whose favour a residence order is in force with respect of a child, may apply for a range of orders for the benefit of a child as provided under Sch 1...

When a baby is born, the birth must be registered, and the surname entered at that time is intended to be the name by which the child is known. If a parent later wishes to change the child’s surname, they should first consult any other person who holds parental responsibility before any step is taken. This applies irrespective of the existence of a child arrangements order, and regardless of whether that person has contact with the child (Re PC (Change of Surname)). Where there is disagreement, the matter must be placed before the court for a determination. A contested change of surname must not be made unilaterally (Dawson v Wearmouth). Altering a name is a significant matter and should not be approached lightly. In deciding whether to grant leave, the court is guided by the welfare principle in section 1(1) of the Children Act 1989 (ChA 1989), and will act accordingly...

Under section 55A of the Family Law Act 1986 (FLA 1986), a party can apply to either the Family Court or the High Court for a declaration determining whether a person named in the application is, or was, the parent of another individual in question. The court’s authority depends on domicile or habitual residence in England and Wales, as set out in FLA 1986, s 55A(2). Where the application is successful, and a declaration of parentage is granted by the court, it shall give notice to the Registrar General (FLA 1986, s 55A(7))...