Pay-per-view meaning

Checklist This Checklist summarises the issues an employer should evaluate when shaping a career break and/or sabbatical policy, and when setting the arrangements to support such leave. The expressions ‘career break’ and ‘sabbatical’ carry no fixed legal definition, and the title used for the break does not dictate its legal character. In practice: ‘Career break’ commonly denotes a longer spell of unpaid absence during which the employment contract may remain in place, though more frequently it does not; and ‘Sabbatical’ typically refers to a shorter period of leave, usually unpaid but potentially paid or partly paid, during which the contract does continue. For detailed information on career breaks and sabbaticals generally, see Practice Note Career breaks and sabbaticals...

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Under the large and public client off-payroll regime Medium and large private sector entities with a UK link are obliged to: decide whether IR35 is applicable to an engagement involving an off-payroll worker; and in specified situations outlined below, operate Pay As You Earn (PAYE) and account for employer National Insurance contributions (NICs) on payments made to off-payroll workers For an overview of the IR35 framework, see Practice Note: IR35—introduction, developments and key difficulties. For details of the large and public client off-payroll regime, see Practice Note: IR35—the large and public client off-payroll regime. For guidance on the practical considerations for the end client and, where different, the fee payer, when an arrangement falls within the large and public client off-payroll regime, see Practice Notes: IR35—the large and public client off–payroll regime—practical considerations for the end client and IR35—the large and public client off–payroll regime—practical considerations for the fee-payer respectively...

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Antitrust The application in Case C-60/25 Livronsa has now been published, an Italian national reference asking whether national courts must regard the Euribor manipulation evidence confirmed by the Commission and the Court of Justice as conclusive, and whether the ensuing competition restriction applies only to the derivatives market or instead to all markets that use the manipulated Euribor benchmark—see also the application The General Court has recently issued an order in Case T-413/21 Feralpi v Commission, an action lodged against the Commission for failing to pay Default Interest as required by the General Court in Cases C-85/15 Feralpi v Commission...

State aid General Court annuls Commission decision on Danish waste water treatment pricing The General Court delivered its ruling in Case T‑486/18 RENV, Danske Slagtermestre v Commission, on an appeal challenging the Commission’s decision in State aid Case SA.37433—Denmark, concerning alleged State aid arising from rebates on waste water charges. The proceedings were remitted to the General Court following the Court of Justice’s judgment in Case C‑99/21. For context, in 2013 Denmark passed legislation introducing a lower rate per cubic metre once a certain volume of waste water had been discharged, which resulted in diminished payments for the largest users of water services (the 2013 Law). Danske Slagtermestre, a trade association, submitted a complaint to the Commission contending that the 2013 Law bestowed State aid on major slaughterhouses by reducing their contributions for waste water treatment. It concerned waste water treatment pricing, examining whether volume-linked reductions conferred selective advantages on significant users, notably large slaughterhouses benefiting from discounted tariffs thereunder...

Antitrust Court of Justice dismisses appeal relating to the calculation of the fine in the pre-stressing cartel case The Court of Justice has delivered its ruling in Case C-70/23, Westfälische Drahtindustrie and Others v Commission, on an appeal brought against the General Court’s judgment in Case T-275/20. That judgment had rejected an action seeking annulment of the Commission’s decision of 30 June 2010, as later amended on 30 September 2010, in the pre-steel cartel matter (AT.38344) (the Commission’s 2010 decision). In 2010, the Commission imposed fines on Westfälische Drahtindustrie GmbH (WDI) and Westfälische Drahtindustrie Verwaltungsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG (WDV), holding WDI jointly and severally liable with WDV and Pampus, for their participation in a cartel covering the supply of pre-stressing steel. On 15 July 2015, the General Court dismissed an appeal against the Commission’s 2010 decision (the General Court’s 2015 judgment). While it considered that the Commission had erred in its assessment of arguments on ability to pay, the General Court, exercising its unlimited jurisdiction, concluded...

This Practice Note examines core aspects of the UK framework for money market funds (MMFs) that stems from Regulation (EU) 2017/1131 (the EU MMF Regulation). It also looks at suggested changes to the framework, with the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA), HM Treasury and the Bank of England (BoE) working jointly to bolster its resilience and align it with post‑Brexit regulatory objectives. For background on the EU MMF Regulation, see Practice Note: EU MMF Regulation—essentials. What is an MMF? Money market funds (MMFs) are investment funds that invest in short‑term debt instruments and so play a significant role in the short‑term financing of the economy. In particular, MMFs are open‑ended, liquid investment funds that invest in fixed income through short‑term debt, for example money market instruments issued by banks, governments or companies (including treasury bills, commercial paper and certificates of deposit) which pay interest. They therefore form an important connection between demand for, and the supply of, short‑term debt. Further information on the eligible assets of an MMF is...

CASE HUB ARCHIVED This archived case hub reflects the position as at the judgment of 7 December 2022; it is no longer maintained. See further, timeline. Case facts Outline Appeal before the General Court seeking annulment of the Commission’s readopted infringement decision of 17 December 2020, which imposed a reduced fine amounting to €9.4m (AT.39563). Latest development On 7 December 2022, the General Court delivered its judgment and dismissed the appeal in full. In particular, it found that: (i) CCPL grasped the Commission’s reasoning, and the material presented by CCPL was insufficient to overturn the presumption applied by the Commission that CCPL exercised decisive influence over entities within the CCPL group; and (iii) the Commission did not err in concluding that a fine reduction can only be warranted by the aim of preventing the undertaking’s economic viability from being irreparably endangered and its assets stripped of value, so the applicant’s intention to develop operating companies of the CCPL group cannot, in principle, justify such...

The Pensions Regulator (the Regulator) The Regulator is an arm’s-length public body set up under the Pensions Act 2004 (PeA 2004). Its authority to impose contribution notices and financial support directions appears in PeA 2004, ss 38–50. Although the Act does not use the label, these provisions are widely known as the Regulator’s ‘moral hazard’ powers. Their purpose is to counter the ‘moral hazard’ arising from the Pension Protection Fund (PPF): the possibility that corporate groups might organise their structures so as to heighten exposure within their pension schemes, comfortable that the PPF would intervene if the employer entered insolvency. The principal moral hazard tools—and the only ones exercised so far—are the power to issue a contribution notice (CN) and the power to issue a financial support direction (FSD). A CN compels the recipient to pay a specified amount into a defined benefit occupational pension scheme. A CN can be issued where the criteria in PeA 2004, s 38 are satisfied. These mechanisms exist to deter behaviour that would...

1 Legal costs 1.1 The legal costs of [ insert brief description of services, eg obtaining a grant of probate and distributing an estate ] consist of [ two OR three ] principal elements: our fees; outlays we pay on your behalf (often referred to as disbursements) [ ; OR . ] [ costs you may need to pay to another party. ] 1.2 Our charges We apply a fixed-fee structure [ of £[ insert price excluding VAT ] OR ranging between £[ insert price excluding VAT ] and £[ insert price excluding VAT ] depending on [ insert description of the factors that will dictate where in the fixed price range your fees will fall, eg the value and complexity of your matter ] ] . [ If a matter or transaction does not reach completion, we reserve the right to charge for the work undertaken, using our standard charging rate of £[ insert rate...

Insert the following definitions as new definitions into clause 1 of Precedent: Share purchase agreement—pro-seller—individual sellers—unconditional—long form: 1 Definitions and interpretation Sanctioned Activity • any conduct subject to sanctions set by a Sanctioning Body; Sanctioning Body • the UK, USA, EU and any other relevant authority imposing/administering sanctions; Sanctioned Entity • any person or entity that is, or is owned/controlled (directly or indirectly, per Sanctions Laws) by, a party sanctioned or listed by a Sanctioning Body; Sanctions Laws • all applicable law on Sanctioned Activities binding any Party or this Agreement’s performance; Sanctions Policy • the Sellers’ sanctions policy in Appendix [ insert Appendix number ], as updated and notified to the Buyer; 1.2 The Sellers and the Group Companies, as at the date of this Agreement and throughout its term: are not Sanctioned Entities; have not been notified of any investigation into a Sanctioned Activity; are unaware of Business circumstances that could give rise...

1 Introduction 1.1 This policy explains how [ insert name of organisation ] (the Company) will handle the statutory entitlement that permits employees to take unpaid time away from work to organise or provide care for a dependant with a long-term care need, and sets out the steps you should follow if you need to request this leave. 1.2 [ This policy applies solely to employees. It does not extend to agency workers, consultants [ , contractors ] [ , volunteers ] [ , interns ] or casual workers. OR This policy applies to all employees, officers, agency workers, consultants [ , contractors ] [ , volunteers ] [ , interns ] and casual workers. ] 1.3 This policy has been [ agreed OR introduced following consultation ] with [ [ enter name of relevant trade union(s) ] OR [ enter name of works council ] OR [ enter name of staff association ] ]. 1.4 In some circumstances, you may have the right to take...

Under WTR 1998, workers get 5.6 weeks’ annual leave each year: a basic entitlement of four weeks’ leave (20 days for a standard full‑time worker) implementing article 7 of the Working Time Directive (WTD) an additional 1.6 weeks’ leave (eight days for a standard full‑time worker) created by domestic law only Understanding this distinction is important because: European Court of Justice case law concerns the WTD alone, so it applies only to the basic four weeks’ paid leave holiday pay is calculated differently for: the basic four weeks, and the additional 1.6 weeks The general rules as to the right to carry forward accrued holiday entitlement are that: the basic four weeks must be taken in the leave year earned and cannot be carried over (though an employer may choose to allow it) a relevant agreement may allow the additional 1.6...

Please note, this Q&A deals exclusively with UK bribery legislation. Payment of commissions We refer you to Practice Note: How to identify when a commission might become a bribe, which explains that any commission involves providing a financial advantage, albeit it will not invariably amount to a bribe. The Bribery Act 2010 (BA 2010) adopts a wide view of what can constitute a bribe. It is characterised as a 'financial or other advantage' offered or received in a business setting, which amounts to, or induces, the improper performance of a relevant function or activity...

Automatic enrolment does not apply to workers under age 22. Individuals younger than 22 fall outside automatic enrolment. However, anyone aged 16 to 21 with qualifying earnings of £6,032 or above in the 2018–19 tax year may choose to join their employer’s automatic enrolment arrangement and receive employer pension contributions. For the purposes of limb (a) in section 230(3) of the Employment Rights Act 1996 (ERA 1996), a worker is an individual who has entered into, or works or worked under, a contract of employment. Under ERA 1996, section 230(2), a contract of employment means a contract of service or apprenticeship. An apprenticeship agreement meeting the requirements of the Apprenticeships, Skills, Children and Learning Act 2009 is treated as a contract of service, not a contract of apprenticeship. See Practice Notes: Employee status and Apprenticeships...