Peer to peer meaning

This timeline outlines key milestones for the UK bank recovery and resolution framework from January 2024 onwards. For prior milestones, consult Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive (BRRD)—timeline [Archived]. 2026 Date Source Document Description 23 February 2026 Financial Stability Board Thematic Peer Review on Public Sector Backstop Funding Mechanisms: Summary Terms of Reference The Financial Stability Board (FSB) has initiated a thematic peer review assessing how FSB member jurisdictions have implemented public sector backstop funding mechanisms to support the resolution of financial institutions. The exercise evaluates delivery against Key Attribute 6 and the Guiding Principles on the Temporary Funding Needed to Support the Orderly Resolution of a Global Systemically Important Bank. The FSB has issued questionnaires to member authorities and requested input from financial firms, industry bodies, academics and other stakeholders on matters such as financial stability vulnerabilities, design aspects of backstop arrangements, and safeguards aimed at limiting taxpayer losses. Responses are due 31 March 2026, and the peer review report is planned for October...

Introduction The questions below illustrate items for a specific competency set and aim to draw out relevant behavioural evidence to gauge competency level. They are purposefully more precise than the usual open, behavioural questions such as, ‘Tell me about a time when you...’ or ‘Can you provide an example...?’ This is intentional. Their role is to zero in on information tied to the competency definition and the management of outcomes, while still acting as cues to investigate behavioural evidence. Without this level of targeting, there is a chance the interviewer will fail to gather information that is sufficiently specific to enable a fair judgement. Strategy delivery General Describe a recent strategic planning exercise you took part in. What was your role? Outline the specifics. And what about earlier planning efforts? OR How have you reviewed your business, current and emerging trends, and set long-term objectives? Have you created and put into practice a vision and a set of values for your business?...

Stage 1—preparing to bring a claim and pre-action matters Guidance on infringement, defences, ownership, injunctions, running disputes, and the Business and Property Courts Disclosure Scheme; cease and desist precedent; timetable checklist; key forms; IP insurance. Stage 2—letter of claim alleging copyright infringement Guidance on infringement, drafting letters of claim, unjustified threats and remedies, with precedents for standard and peer‑to‑peer infringement letters. Stage 3—commencing proceedings Notes on infringement, secondary infringement, permitted acts, remedies, criminal offences, the Business and Property Courts and the Disclosure Scheme; pleadings/initial disclosure precedents; Disclosure/IPEC flow tools; CPR claim/defence/settlement/default forms. Stage 4—case management Guidance on running disputes, costs management and the Disclosure Scheme; checklist; Chancery, Patents Court and IPEC Guides; Mitchell v NGN; core case‑management and disclosure forms. Stage 5—disclosure and evidence Notes on e‑disclosure, witness statements and the Disclosure Scheme; PD 57AC for Business and Property Courts trial statements (not...

In this issue: Employment taxes VAT International Individuals and income tax Taxes management and litigation Daily and weekly news alerts New and updated content Dates for your diary Trackers Useful information Employment taxes Appeal court rules that loans advanced through a remuneration trust were chargeable as disguised remuneration and that the linked costs were non-deductible (Marlborough DP Limited v HMRC). In Marlborough DP Ltd, the Court of Appeal dismissed the taxpayer’s case and upheld the Upper Tribunal (UT). It found that amounts lent to a director under a remuneration trust fell within the disguised remuneration regime in Part 7A of the Income Tax (Earnings and Pensions) Act 2003 (ITEPA 2003), as they were made in connection with employment. The Court further concluded that the associated payments were not allowable for corporation tax, since they were not incurred wholly and exclusively for the purposes of the company’s trade. See News Analysis: Court of Appeal...

Domestic CBI publishes first edition of Payment and E-Money Newsletter The newsletter aims to deliver updates on significant regulatory developments across the payments and e-money sectors and to signpost relevant forthcoming changes. Topics featured in the newsletter include: Safeguarding thematic inspection — the CBI shares findings from a thematic examination of safeguarding across payment institutions (PIs) and e-money institutions (EMIs). The assessment considered the operational effectiveness of safeguarding procedures and the robustness of control frameworks within those firms Customer service — following an evaluation of customer experience through the lens of complaints, the CBI sets out its expectations for customer service, including in the context of the updated Consumer Protection Code (CPC) Fitness and probity — the CBI reminds PIs/EMIs: of the obligation to appoint a designated responsible person to the PCF-56 Head of Safeguarding role following changes to the list of pre-approval-controlled functions (PCFs) in November 2025, with further details to be issued by the CBI...

Keays (by her litigation friend, Keays) v Executors of the late Parkinson [2018] EWHC 1006 (Ch) What are the practical implications of this case? Executors ought to refrain from personal, ad hominem critiques of a litigation friend’s fitness to act. The ruling also underlines that executors should not seek to foist their preferred nominee to supplant the existing litigation friend, even where there was a prior in‑principle consensus to appoint a professional. Further, in the absence of a Beddoe order, applications of this nature are liable to leave executors and/or beneficiaries personally responsible for both parties’ costs if the application fails, rather than enjoying indemnity from the estate. What was the background? In February 2017, Sara Keays, acting as litigation friend for her adult daughter, Flora, issued proceedings in the Chancery Division under the Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependants) Act 1975, seeking provision from her late father’s estate. The defendants were the executors of the late Cecil Parkinson, a...

This Practice Note addresses the arbitration procedure under the 2023 Arbitration Rules of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce (SCC) Arbitration Institute. The institution has adopted the name ‘Stockholm Chamber of Commerce (SCC) Arbitration Institute.’ The 2023 SCC Rules govern arbitrations filed with the SCC on or after 1 January 2023, unless the parties agree otherwise. A revised SCC Schedule of Costs applies to 2024 SCC arbitrations; see here. The SCC Arbitration Institute The SCC ranks among the most widely recognised arbitral bodies globally. As with peer institutions, it administers the resolution of disputes through arbitration. It does not adjudicate cases itself; decisions are made by arbitrators appointed in accordance with the SCC Arbitration Rules. The organisation comprises a Secretariat, led by the Secretary‑General, and an international Board of prominent arbitration practitioners, which convenes monthly to take administrative decisions. The SCC is especially noted worldwide for ‘east‑west’ cases. Each year roughly 150–200 new arbitrations are initiated at the SCC, involving parties from more than 40 countries. Disputed sums...

Except where an exemption or relief applies, payments of: annual interest (or amounts that tax rules treat as annual interest), and that have a UK source must be made under deduction, with the payer required to withhold and account to HMRC for UK income tax at the basic rate (20%) or, from 6 April 2027, at the savings basic rate (22%) (for more detail, see Practice Note: UK withholding tax on yearly interest). This Practice Note describes the duty to deduct (and account to HMRC for) UK income tax from UK‑source annual interest as a withholding tax, even though it is in substance a mechanism for collecting UK income tax from the UK‑based payer rather than from the recipient who: is the beneficial owner of the income, and is likely to be based outside the UK For more information on the requirement to deduct UK income tax from UK‑source annual interest, see Practice Note: Administration...

What is an environmental report? Environmental reporting is typically carried out to evaluate site-specific environmental risks and liabilities. They are commissioned for a range of purposes, such as: undertaking due diligence on behalf of a purchaser or vendor of a property or corporate entity responding to regulatory action, or supporting ongoing environmental management by owners or operators Environmental reports can include: contaminated land assessments (desk-based, Phase 1, Phase 2 and remediation) flood risk assessments ground stability appraisals asbestos surveys The extent of data, analysis and assessment required depends on the probability and scale of the risk associated with any given site. An environmental consultant can advise which type of environmental report is needed. See Practice Note: Environmental investigations—types of searches and investigations. Why is peer review undertaken? Environmental consultants may present their findings differently, guided by their brief and the party they represent. For instance, a consultant will often take...

Every company insists it stands apart from every other company...

[ Alleged infringer’s name and address ] [ Date ] Dear [ insert organisation name ], [ Insert name and description of copyright works ] We represent [ name and address of client ] (‘our client’). We are contacting you regarding your activities, which amount to unauthorised use of our client’s copyright. [ Name of client ] Our client operates within [ describe: eg the computer games industry; what the copyright owner does; who in the company produces the copyright works, if relevant, how they are employed and what the copyright work is. Define or give the name of the copyright work ]. Our client is the [ owner OR owner-assignee OR non-exclusive licensee OR exclusive licensee ] of the copyright in the work. A copy of the work can be made available for inspection at our offices upon request. [ In line with section 11(2) of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (CDPA 1988), our client owns the copyright subsisting...