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Precatory trust meaning

What does Precatory trust mean?
A precatory trust describes a gift or bequest where the donor or testator uses words of hope or request (for example, “in the hope that”, “I wish”, “I request”) that, when properly construed in context, may impose binding trust obligations on the recipient. It is not defined by statute; the term arises from case law across the UK and Ireland. Courts in England & Wales, Northern Ireland and Ireland treat such wording as non-binding unless it shows a clear intention to create a trust and the three certainties (intention, subject matter and objects) are satisfied. If, on construction, the language is merely recommendatory or expresses a wish, the recipient takes absolutely. If the language is imperative and the certainties are present, the court will find a trust. In Scotland, although the terminology “precatory trust” is less common, the approach is similar: mere expressions of desire do not create a trust without clear intention, identifiable trust property and ascertainable beneficiaries or purposes. Precatory wording most often appears in wills and lifetime gifts. Its practical significance lies in will-drafting and trust disputes: ambiguous, precatory language risks litigation over whether a testamentary gift or inter vivos transfer was intended to be held on trust.
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View the related Practice Notes about Precatory trust

PRACTICE NOTES
England and Wales will-drafting and IHT planning: executors, FLIT/discretionary trusts, BPR/NRB/RNRB, Brussels IV, chattels, guardians, survivorship, foreign elements and trustee powers

Commencement and revocation This revocation clause may include optional phrasing restricting revocation solely to Wills concerning UK property. That accords with later provisions which can, if preferred, confine this Will’s scope to UK property only. This ensures consistency across the instrument where the intention is to confine effect to UK assets while leaving arrangements concerning overseas holdings untouched. Using this optional language means any testamentary dispositions relating to assets abroad remain effective. The wording is marked as optional and might be unsuitable where the Will is drafted for a testator with no foreign property and no prospect of acquiring any, or for one who owns property overseas and intends to revoke any testamentary dispositions concerning such property (note that local legal requirements for a valid revocation must be reviewed and verified). Accordingly, foreign dispositions previously made would continue without alteration and remain fully operative. Variation 1—expectation of intended marriage or civil partnership: As a general principle, a Will is revoked by the testator’s subsequent marriage. Nevertheless, a...

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PRACTICE NOTES
Will trusts: drafting, statutory trustee and personal representative powers, validity, precatory, secret and mutual trusts, and incorporation by reference (England and Wales)

Trust drafting Testators often intend to incorporate a trust, or several trusts, within their Wills. Even where that is not intended, a trust can still come into being: Where a beneficiary is under 18 at the testator’s death and the testator does not wish the minor’s parent or guardian to issue a receipt on their behalf; a trust is required to hold the minor’s share until they attain 18 and are able to give a valid receipt. In these cases, it is usually better to set out the trust expressly in the Will to control its terms and the appointment of trustees. Where gifts are contingent, and a trust would allow the property to be managed until the contingency is fulfilled. Once the choice is made to include a testamentary trust, its structure must be settled. For instance, if the intention is to provide for the children, consider whether a bereaved minor trust or an 18–25 trust best meets the objectives...

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View the related Precedents about Precatory trust

PRECEDENTS
Testamentary gift for maintenance of a named animal: trust of income for up to 21 years, or legacy with pet and precatory request; capital falls into residuary estate

I leave to my trustees the sum of £[ insert amount ] (‘the gift’), to be held on trust, invested, and the income applied towards the care and upkeep of my [ describe the animal, eg dog, cat etc adding gender ] named [ insert name of animal ] for a term of [ insert period not exceeding 21 years ] from my death, provided that [ insert name of animal ] survives for that time; and upon the earlier of the death of [ insert name of animal ] or the expiry of 21 years, the fund shall revert to and form part of my residuary estate. OR I bequeath to [ insert name of beneficiary ] a legacy of £[ insert amount ] together with my [ describe the animal together with its gender ] named [ insert name of animal ] (if alive when I die), and I record my wish (without creating any binding duty on [ insert name of beneficiary ]) that [ insert name...

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PRECEDENTS
Will clause: gift of personal chattels (s55(1)(x) AEA 1925) to trustees absolutely, precatory wishes, optional business items, default distribution (England and Wales)

I leave to my Trustees, free of tax, for their absolute use and benefit, all my personal chattels as defined in Section 55(1)(x) of the Administration of Estates Act 1925 [ (including chattels used solely or mainly for business purposes) ] not otherwise dealt with by this Will or any codicil to it, but it is my wish, without creating any trust or imposing any binding obligation on my Trustees, that within [ 6 OR 12 ] months of my death they dispose of such personal chattels in accordance with any wishes of mine that may come to their attention. In the absence of any such wishes, my Trustees will then divide the personal chattels between [ themselves OR [ name of default recipients ] ] as they think fit...

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