Quantum meaning

Securing litigation funding can take considerable time for clients and their legal advisers; however, supplying a funder-ready application can accelerate matters. The table below serves as a checklist of the principal issues most third party funders expect you to cover, grouped into three categories... Recovery Funders are commercial enterprises that typically see a return only when money is actually received from the defendant(s). Applicants should pinpoint and evaluate any enforcement risks and raise these with the funder at the outset. Tolerance for enforcement risk differs from funder to funder. If a funder is uneasy about the route to recovery, it is unlikely to back the claim, irrespective of the merits and quantum. Therefore, where material recovery risks exist, applicants ought to outline a recovery strategy, even at a preliminary stage. This helps a funder judge, at first sight, whether the matter is fundable... Financials Funders regard legal claims as an asset class. Consequently, they must grasp the headline economics of their investment in the event of...

This checklist outlines the current position under the Pre-Action Protocol for Professional Negligence claims (the ‘Protocol’). For general guidance, see Practice Note: Professional negligence claims—the pre-action protocol. Read alongside Practice Note: Professional negligence claims—pre-action protocol—claimant issues. For further detail on pursuing a professional negligence claim (including a worked hypothetical set of pleadings), see: Starting a professional negligence claim—a practical guide Pleading professional negligence claims—worked hypothetical examples Together with the template Precedent: Particulars of claim—professional negligence claim. Client’s initial instructions of potential professional negligence claim Limitation See Practice Note: Limitation—professional negligence claims. Is a limitation issue pending? If so: consider issuing protective proceedings negotiate a standstill agreement See Practice Note: Professional negligence claims—the pre-action protocol—Limitation and the professional negligence PAP. Initial investigations background basis of claim (in contract, tort, etc) any obvious difficulties with causation preliminary view on quantum need to retain expert evidence now?... ...

The following provides a list of considerations that are useful to be explored when determining whether to make an application for a preliminary issues trial or split trial, or when seeking to oppose an application for one. Where a preliminary issues trial or a split trial is contemplated or resisted, ensure there is a distinct separation between the matters to be dealt with at each hearing, should such a course be ordered. Keep in mind that the court will consider the full circumstances of the dispute in deciding whether to make any such order. Accordingly, any list of points to weigh up serves only as an initial guide, and you will need to allow for considerations that are specific...

Practice Note: Protective costs orders (PCOs) in environmental matters This flowchart sets out the situations relevant to protective costs orders (PCOs) in environmental law cases. For information, refer to Practice Note: Protective costs orders (PCOs) in environmental matters...

In this issue: New technologies Internet Media Advertising, marketing and sponsorship LexTalk®TMT: a Lexis®Nexis community Daily and weekly news alerts New and updated content Dates for your diary Trackers Latest Q&As Useful information New technologies Getty Images drops Stability AI copyright infringement claims from UK trial MLex reports that on 25 June 2025 Getty Images abandoned its direct copyright infringement claims against image generator Stability AI during the first day of closing submissions in a landmark three‑week High Court hearing in London. It is still pursuing allegations of trade mark infringement, passing off, secondary copyright infringement and issues around licensing, yet the move is a setback for the UK’s creative sector, which had sought clear precedent to provide broad copyright protection in the UK against AI models’ web scraping. See: Getty Images drops Stability AI copyright infringement claims from UK trial. IAB Tech Lab proposes framework for AI content usage compensation...

Delaney v PIAB [2024] IESC 10 What are the practical implications of this case? This ruling is poised to be far-reaching, as numerous judicial review matters before the High Court involve plaintiffs advancing arguments akin to Ms Delaney’s on whether their valuations should follow the Guidelines or the Book of Quantum. Those claims stood in line behind Delaney, with the parties awaiting, with bated breath, the result and its influence on those actions. Section 18(5) of the Judicial Council Act 2019 (Ireland) (JCA 2019 (IRL)) required the Judicial Council to revisit the Guidelines within three years of their adoption. Because of this judgment, that review is now likely to be deferred so that further legislation can be brought forward to change and/or adjust the Guidelines. For personal injury litigation, the ruling has several concrete effects: the judiciary may depart from the Guidelines, but they must explain the reasons for any such departure in all cases where proceedings had not issued before and where...

Refinitiv Ltd v HMRC [2025] UKFTT 415 (TC) The seven applicant companies were part of the Thomson Reuters Group and were parties to a series of intra‑group transactions with Thomson Reuters Global Resources (TRGR), an entity that was tax resident in Switzerland. They sought directions from the FTT requiring all enquiries to be closed; in one case, they instead requested a partial closure. HMRC agreed that closure notices ought to be issued in respect of the four companies that were not engaged in judicial review proceedings. The other three companies had applied for judicial review, arguing that HMRC had misinterpreted the effect of an Advance Pricing Agreement and had acted in breach of its public law duties. In November 2024, the Court of Appeal dismissed that application, in R (oao Refinitiv and others) v HMRC [2024] EWCA Civ 1412. The companies have now sought permission from the Supreme Court to appeal the decision, and this had not been decided at the date of this appeal. The outcome of the...

ARCHIVED: This Practice Note is archived and not kept up to date. Practical implications of West Tankers In short, the current position arising from the West Tankers saga (so far) is: Any EU Member State court seised of proceedings must rule on its own jurisdiction to determine the dispute. Under Brussels I and Brussels I (recast), courts of another Member State cannot remove that competence from it. An arbitral tribunal has jurisdiction to award damages for breach of an obligation to arbitrate. Where jurisdiction is disputed (as it often is), consider advising clients to obtain a standalone final award addressing jurisdiction at the outset, and then seek to have it recognised and enforced by the court (the application would be made under the procedure set out in CPR 62). This should prevent a conflicting court judgment taking precedence, on the basis of issue estoppel. Thereafter, the parties can proceed to the liability and quantum issues within the arbitration. West Tankers—the...

This Practice Note explains what a determination (also known as a revenue determination) is for direct tax purposes (ie a direct tax determination) when HMRC may issue a direct tax determination the potential quantum of any direct tax determination the time limits within which HMRC can make such a determination the consequences of a determination for a taxpayer the ways in which a taxpayer may displace a direct tax determination For this Practice Note, unless expressly stated otherwise, determination means a direct tax revenue determination. For a practical, step-by-step aid to handling a direct tax determination, see: Practical steps for dealing with a revenue determination for direct tax purposes—checklist. Note that a revenue determination is not the same as a discovery determination. A discovery determination is akin to a discovery assessment; however, a discovery determination—unlike a discovery assessment and unlike a revenue determination—only applies where a company has submitted a tax return...

This Practice Note explores the place of costs in international arbitration proceedings. Further guidance on this topic appears in Practice Notes: AA 1996—costs, Interest on costs and damages in arbitration, Costs and fees of key arbitral institutions, and the ‘Related documents’ pod. To compare the answers to questions relating to arbitration costs (and funding) in jurisdictions around the world, please consult our International Comparator Tool. Relevance of costs in international arbitration This review of costs is aimed chiefly at two objectives—enabling arbitrants to keep expenditure under control and, where they succeed, to recover it from the opposing side. Unchecked dispute costs can rapidly make pursuit of proceedings uneconomic and cause disputants to regret commencing proceedings. By understanding the different categories of cost, parties can introduce greater control and help ensure that the sums incurred are recovered from the opponent...

Filed on behalf of the claimant Witness Statement of [ insert initial and surname of witness ] Statement number: [ insert number of witness statement in relation to the witness ] Exhibit references: [ insert initials and number of each exhibit referred to ] Date of statement: [ insert date ] [ Date of translation: [ insert date ] ] IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUSTICE [ [ SPECIFY DIVISION ] ] • [ [ INSERT LOCATION ] DISTRICT REGISTRY ] Claim No. [ insert number ] Parties: A Claimant and B Defendant WITNESS STATEMENT OF [ insert full name ] I, [ insert full name ], of [ insert full address and occupation ], state as follows: This statement is based on my own knowledge and belief unless stated to the contrary. I am the [ mother OR father ] of the Claimant, [ insert name ], in these proceedings. ...

Filed on behalf of the Claimant Statement of [ insert initial and surname of witness ] Statement number: [ insert number of witness statement in relation to the witness ] Exhibits: [ insert initials and number of each exhibit referred to ] Statement date: [ insert date ] [ Translation date: [ insert date ] ] [ At the County Court at [ INSERT ] or the High Court of Justice ] [ Division: [ SPECIFY DIVISION ] ] [ Specialist Court: [ SPECIFY SPECIALIST COURT ] ] [ District Registry: [ INSERT LOCATION ] ] Claim number: [ insert number ] Between A Claimant and B Defendant WITNESS STATEMENT OF [ INSERT FULL NAME ] I, [ insert full name ], of [ insert full address and occupation ], state as follows: Unless otherwise indicated, the facts and matters set out in this statement are within my personal knowledge, and I believe them...

Under section 213 of the Housing Act 2004 (HA 2004), any deposit received in connection with an assured shorthold tenancy (AST) has to be safeguarded by an approved tenancy deposit scheme as required by that legislation. Non-compliance with HA 2004 can leave a landlord unable to issue a section 21 Housing Act 1988 notice to regain possession of the premises. For sums received on or after 6 April 2007, a tenant might additionally have grounds to apply for monetary sanctions against the landlord...