Ratchets meaning

Overview This Practice Note outlines key characteristics of covenant loose and covenant lite financings and considers certain risks that investors in these facilities may encounter. It assumes a degree of familiarity with leveraged finance terminology and documentation. For introductory material on leveraged finance financial covenants, see Practice Note: Leveraged finance—financial covenants. For an introductory guide to acquisition finance, see Practice Note: Introductory guide to acquisition finance. The Glossary of acquisition finance terms and jargon may also be helpful... Terminology Traditional ‘covenanted’ facility European leveraged facility agreements have traditionally included a package of financial covenants designed to monitor the borrower‑group’s financial performance against a base case financial model. The full suite typically comprises the following covenants: Leverage — this is the ratio of the group’s total [net] indebtedness to its earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation ( EBITDA ). The leverage ratio gauges the group’s indebtedness against its ordinary operating profit; the higher the ratio, the more indebted the group and the greater...

Within private equity, a ratchet is a mechanism that adjusts the proportion of equity held by founders, managers and employees following investment. In a venture capital setting, ratchets operate as anti-dilution protections, safeguarding early-stage investors from dilution where later fundraisings are completed at a lower entry price than before. In a buyout setting, they are typically designed to reward management; the percentage of overall equity they own may shift according to how the business performs against forecasts and projections and against the investor’s target return. In such cases, strong performance usually increases management’s shareholding. Ratchet structures can differ markedly from one investment to the next. They frequently rely on complex financial and mathematical constructs and must take account of multiple scenarios, including different exit routes and the form of consideration used. Tax effectiveness Managers benefiting from ratchet provisions will want them structured to be as tax efficient as possible. The difficulty is that, on an exit, the slice of proceeds received by managers can be...

Post-acquisition benefits This Practice Note addresses the provisions in sections 447–450 of the Income Tax (Earnings and Pensions) Act 2003 (ITEPA 2003) (Part 7, Chapter 4), which impose income tax on employees or directors for post-acquisition benefits received in connection with employment-related securities. For these purposes, benefits are interpreted broadly and can include, for instance, enhancements to share rights, the provision of travel or accommodation, and an allotment of bonus shares. For the meaning of employment-related securities, see Practice Note: What is an employment-related security? Following the Court of Appeal’s judgment in PA Holdings, HMRC may contend that dividend payments are simply taxable as earnings (or emoluments) under (what is now) ITEPA 2003, s 62 rather than under the specific post-acquisition benefits charge (see News Analysis: Employee remuneration and special purpose vehicles). Nevertheless, the post-acquisition benefits rules continue to operate as a sweeping-up charge where an employee or director benefits in connection with employment-related securities and is not otherwise chargeable to income tax...

Insert new Article 14 as set out below: 14. Anti-dilution 14.1 In this Article 14, unless the context indicates otherwise, the expressions below shall bear the definitions: New Securities means any Shares or other securities convertible into, or conferring the right to subscribe for, Shares, issued by the Company after the date these Articles were adopted...