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This Checklist examines the pros and cons of adopting a franchising model from the franchisor’s viewpoint. Franchising attracts steady attention as a route to market, but would-be franchisors should assess carefully whether it suits their particular operation. Below is a summary of the advantages and disadvantages of franchising from the franchisor’s standpoint. Advantages Franchising is a well-established route for scaling a business, with numerous high-profile success stories, including pizza brands, hotel groups and mobile phone shops. Many high street banks may extend favourable lending to franchise businesses, as they can be perceived as presenting lower risk than alternative models. The franchise approach can demand far fewer staff than a centrally owned network, as the owner does not need to open and run multiple outlets. The franchisor can apply franchisees’ fees to fuel growth and lessen debt. These fees provide a key, predictable annual income stream and, in some cases, their total can meet operating expenses. ...
ARCHIVED: This Checklist has been archived and is no longer maintained. It outlines historic provisions that were revoked on 1 April 2013 and continues to be unmaintained. Nevertheless, owing to transitional arrangements, those provisions may still hold relevance in proceedings where a conditional fee agreement or an insurance policy was entered into before 1 April 2013. These are the same provisions referenced within CPR PD 48, para 1.3 accordingly herein...
This flowchart details the actions to follow when enhancing a procedure in your firm, highlighting relevant Precedents associated with every stage...
This Checklist This Checklist outlines practical due diligence actions for selecting and overseeing agents or representatives, such as verifying ownership and control, evaluating country and payment risks, defining scope and remuneration (including success fee exposure), confirming competence and credentials, and making sure fees, licences and facilitation payment controls are consistent with the company’s anti-bribery requirements. Practitioners supporting clients with appointing and supervising agents or representatives should reflect on the following: every agent or representative of the business should be subject to due diligence the company must undertake its own enquiries and augment any information with newspaper or web-based research to satisfy itself regarding each agent whether the company has analysed and documented the rationale for, and the procedure by which, an agent was appointed...
The Prudential Assurance Company Ltd v HMRC [2025] UKSC 34 On the facts, the supplier could levy success fees only once a hurdle rate had been achieved. That threshold was not reached until after the supplier had left the VAT group, so the supplier applied VAT. Prudential then lodged a non-statutory request with HMRC asking whether VAT ought to have been charged. HMRC concluded that it should, and Prudential appealed that conclusion to the First-tier Tax Tribunal. The dispute then moved on to the Upper Tribunal and, thereafter, the Court of Appeal. The questions before the Supreme Court concerned three lines of reasoning advanced to sustain Prudential’s contention that no VAT was due, and the counter-arguments relied upon by HMRC to maintain that VAT had been correctly charged. The strands of argument advanced for Prudential were as follows...
In this issue: Forfeiture Contractual issues Repairing obligations and dilapidations Service charges Key developments and horizon scanning Property disputes in Scotland LexTalk®Property Disputes: a Lexis®Nexis community Additional Property disputes updates Daily and weekly news alerts New and updated content Trackers Latest Q&As Forfeiture Valuing a claim for wrongful forfeiture (Tanfield (as executor of the Estate of Paul Watkins) v Meadowbrook Montessori Ltd) In Tanfield (as executor of the Estate of Paul Watkins) v Meadowbrook Montessori Ltd [2024] EWHC 1759 (Ch), [2024] All ER (D) 77 (Jul), the court threw out a landlord’s winding-up petition for £167,593.41 presented against a company established to operate a school. It held there was a firmly arguable position that the majority of the petitioned sum was not rent arrears, but consideration payable for shares in the company. The judge further acknowledged a cross-claim with a genuine prospect of success, quantified at no less than £546,000 in...
Jassal v Shah [2024] EWHC 2214 (Ch) What are the practical implications of this case? With practitioners still waiting for the Supreme Court’s decision on whether success fees can be recovered under the Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependants) Act 1975 (I(PFD)A 1975), the High Court has resolved a different, perhaps unexpected, issue that strikes at the core of costs. May an I(PFD)A 1975 claimant receive an allowance for their legal costs within the substantive award? The court’s response is an emphatic ‘no’: costs fall to be determined later, via a distinct process. Yet James Pickering KC, acting as a Deputy High Court Judge, plainly recognised the troubling ramifications of that conclusion. More than ten years have passed since Mr Justice Briggs (as he then was) voiced a ‘real sense of unease’ in Lilleyman v Lilleyman [2012] EWHC 1056 (Ch) about the contrived separation of costs in this sphere, particularly when contrasted with the more integrated approach that prevailed until the Family Procedure Rules (‘FPR’). The difficulty persists: an...
ARCHIVED: this Practice Note is no longer maintained and is offered for background reference only. Moreover, some links may not take you to the provisions as they stood when the guidance in this Practice Note was issued... Key litigation funding cases 2016—what do you need to know? Key takeaways from 2016 decisions in the commercial or third‑party litigation funding sphere include: the Supreme Court examined the interpretation of an exclusion clause in a solicitor’s professional indemnity insurance policy (Impact Funding v AIG), see below the Supreme Court agreed to hear three appeals balancing ECHR rights against recovery of costs linked to third‑party funding (Frost v MGN, Miller v Associated Newspapers Limited and Times Newspaper v Flood), which will determine these questions in the context of post‑Jackson reform funding. At present, the courts regard the recovery of additional liabilities as compatible with the ECHR (BNM v Mirror Group Newspapers), see below the Court of Appeal has held that third‑party funders can be...
The nature and purpose of break fees Break fees typically exist to reimburse a party’s legal and professional outlay incurred through due diligence and negotiations when a deal ends. They can also act as a deterrent to behaviour that might unreasonably derail the process, encouraging both sides to keep talking, and discouraging steps that could prevent the transaction from moving forward at all or otherwise cause it to stall. The parties usually enter into a break fee agreement early in the sale process, commonly before the buyer begins its due diligence. Such provisions (also referred to as inducement, termination or broken deal fees) may appear in a stand-alone agreement or be set out within heads of terms. Types of break fees The most prevalent form of break fee arises where the target undertakes to pay the bidder a sum if a specified event happens and the transaction then fails to complete (for instance, where the seller accepts a superior third-party offer or any necessary shareholder consent is...
ARCHIVED: this Practice Note is archived, not updated, and provided solely for background reference. In addition, certain links may no longer lead to the provisions as they stood when the guidance in this Practice Note was issued. It should not be treated as current advice or actively maintained content, for background only. This note reviews developments during 2016 in the following areas: Costs precedents—new and updates Fixed costs reform Costs funding—ATE insurance and CFA success fees Costs assessment—bill of costs Solicitor and client costs Costs precedents—new and updates New costs precedent—Precedent R Precedent R is a report for budget discussions. It applies to proceedings in which the claim was issued on or after 6 April 2016 and where costs budgets are required. It was brought in to encourage parties to attempt agreement on the opponent’s costs budget. If agreement cannot be reached, the form identifies the disputed areas and records a short summary of the reasons for...
This Agreement is entered into on [ date ] Parties [ Company Name ] [ (in liquidation, etc) ] [ (the ‘ Company ’) acting through ] [ name(s) of insolvency practitioner(s) ] [ (the ‘ Liquidator ’), (the ‘ Administrator ’), etc ] [ (and all successors in title) ] [ acting as agent for the Company, except as provided in this Agreement ] ( [ together ] the ‘ Client ’) [ both ] of [ address ]; [ Firm Name and Address ] (the ‘ Firm ’). It is hereby agreed as follows: 1 Definitions 1.1 In this Agreement: Appeal means any request for permission to appeal and/or an appeal to the Court of Appeal or the Supreme Court from a lower court’s decision, or to a Judge from a decision of a District Judge, Registrar, Master or Insolvency and Companies Court Judge, in relation to the Claim Basic Costs means the fees...
Standard CFA (success fee and costs insurance premium not recoverable inter partes) We have explored several ways to fund your costs, including: legal expenses insurance, e.g. under your home or car insurance through a trade union or other membership organisation via a third-party funding arrangement through legal aid [any other method you may have discussed] As none of these routes is available or appropriate, we have agreed to act for you on a no-win-no-fee basis. This is a conditional fee agreement (CFA), and we have enclosed the agreement with this letter. We are satisfied that this CFA suits your needs and serves your best interests. Key features of no-win-no-fee The table below sets out what you would be responsible for if you succeed, and whether those sums can be recovered from your opponent. Our base costs, which depend on the time spent on your case and are calculated at the hourly rates stated in...
What is a DCFA? Most practitioners know the ‘pure’ CFA, commonly referred to as a ‘no win, no fee’ agreement. Working under a pure CFA, the lawyer or legal representative is remunerated only upon a win, as the CFA expressly defines it. If that outcome is not achieved, no fee is payable for the professional work undertaken on the matter. For additional detail, see the subtopic: CFAs and DBAs for further information. A DCFA is often described as a ‘no win, lower fee’ arrangement in contrast to the pure CFA. Under a DCFA, the client agrees to meet the lawyer’s fees in full on success; if the case fails, a reduced fee is payable to the representative. The role of success fees Success fees exist to ensure a solicitor’s portfolio of CFA-backed litigation can operate at nil net loss overall. Put differently, the success uplifts on winning matters are designed to meet the base costs that cannot be recovered on losing matters within that portfolio...