Time bar meaning

The following are some of the features and factors (not all of which will be readily discoverable at a very early stage) to consider when assessing whether a claim is appropriate for the LVI defence: The respective weight of both vehicles: a heavier vehicle striking a lighter one creates a greater impact than a crash between vehicles of comparable weight. Age and design of the vehicle: some models provide better shock absorption, for example with large bumpers. Location of impact: a direct rear-end hit passes more energy than a collision at an angle. Presence of a tow bar: a tow bar channels impact energy through the car, increasing injury risk. Handbrake applied: engaging the handbrake reduces the likelihood of injury. Claimant’s age and sex: females face a higher chance of whiplash, and risk rises with age. A pre-existing medical condition: heightens susceptibility to whiplash injury. Whether the claimant anticipated the impact and braced themselves: bracing diminishes the risk of neck...

Prepared with Anthony Shatz of Fladgate LLP, this flowchart outlines the steps to be taken and the key matters to consider for a transfer of shares in a joint venture company (JVC), where a right of first refusal (ROFR), together with drag along and tag along provisions, appear in the articles of association/shareholders’ agreement...

Uniform Building Contractors Ltd v The Water and Sewerage Authority of Trinidad and Tobago [2026] UKPC 2 What was the background? The Privy Council appeal arose from a 2007 design-and-build, lump sum contract governed by the 1999 FIDIC Yellow Book, concluded between the Water and Sewerage Authority of Trinidad and Tobago (WASA) and Uniform Building Contractors Ltd (UBC) for the design, supply and installation of pipelines. The works were structured as two discrete packages, each on a lump-sum basis. Executed on 23 May 2007, the agreement incorporated the Yellow Book, bespoke Conditions of Particular Application, the Employer’s Requirements, together with a Bill of Quantities (BoQ). Mr Barry Paul was appointed as the Engineer under the contract. During execution, disputes between the parties arose over performance. WASA served termination notices dated 28 May and 4 June 2009. UBC commenced proceedings in May 2013, shortly before the limitation period expired, and WASA advanced a counterclaim. At first instance, the court dismissed both UBC’s claim and WASA’s counterclaim in full. WASA...

We outline the FCA’s key messages from 2025, alongside predictions and practical tips to help you stay on the right side of the FCA in 2026. Fewer, faster investigations A refreshed stance on enforcement has been anticipated since Therese Chambers and Steve Smart assumed leadership of the FCA’s enforcement division in 2023, and the June 2025 update to the FCA Enforcement Guide made it official. The policy statement released with the revised guide confirmed that the FCA has raised the threshold, effectively raising the bar, for commencing an investigation and bolstered its pre-investigation assessment procedures. Addressing the City & Financial Global FCA Investigations and Enforcement Summit in October 2025, Therese Chambers, the FCA’s Joint Executive Director of Enforcement and Market Oversight, underscored the point, stating the FCA is running fewer investigations, at a faster pace. This reflects a 2025 objective to shrink the open caseload and bring ongoing investigations to a conclusion more quickly within a shorter time frame. Signs that this recalibrated enforcement strategy is...

In this issue: Immigration Prohibited conduct (discrimination etc) Diversity and gender pay gap Data protection and employee information Corporate Governance Financial services and banking: employment issues Employment Tribunals Dates for your diary Trackers Employment resources on Lexis+® LexTalk®Employment: a Lexis®Nexis community Daily and weekly news alerts Immigration Home Office announces increase in enforcement activity targeting illegal working The Home Office reports intensified action against unlawful working, undertaking more than 11,000 operations between October 2024 and September 2025. Through Operation Sterling, this activity produced over 8,000 arrests—a 63% uplift on the prior year—and led to the removal of upwards of 1,050 people from the UK who were found to be working without lawful authorisation. The department also indicates that a mandatory digital ID scheme will be in place before the end of the current Parliament to validate individuals’ right to work. The initiative is designed to curb document fraud, bring consistency to...

A tattoo is a permanent body mark made by piercing the skin and placing coloured ink beneath the surface. Slim, ink-charged needles pass through the outer epidermis into the deeper dermis, which contains blood vessels, hair follicles, glands, nerves and lymph vessels. This injury sparks inflammation, and the immune system swiftly sends macrophages, a form of white blood cell, to support healing. Tattoos are therefore long-lasting, though, like a scar, they may fade with time. Macrophages engulf dye particles to aid the repair process; some travel to the lymph nodes, while others remain within the dermis. The remaining colour is taken up by fibroblast skin cells and, together with the macrophages, this keeps the tattoo in place. Tattoo machine Modern hand-held tattoo machines, sometimes called ‘tattoo guns’, use electromagnetic coils to drive an armature bar up and down. Attached to this bar is a grouped set of needles that delivers the ink into the skin...

This Practice Note This Practice Note examines the Limitation Act 1980 (LA 1980) and sets out the periods within which claimants are permitted to start different kinds of claims. As a rule, any proceedings begun after the relevant limitation window has ended will be statute-barred, affording the defendant a complete defence. It further describes, for personal injury matters, the general principles on when time begins to run, the notion of date of knowledge, and when a court may lift the limitation bar. It also contains a practical checklist of personal injury actions that sit outside the standard three-year time limit. LA 1980 prescribes the statutory deadlines within which claimants may pursue various categories of claims. Those limits define the period within which such claims must properly be started. Broadly, a defendant will enjoy a full defence to any proceedings issued (see further below: ‘When is a claim brought?’) after the expiry of the applicable period. Once the pertinent time limit has elapsed, the claim is treated as statute-barred. The...

This review examines the principal amendments to the Immigration Rules (the Rules) contained in HC 617. Released on 10 September 2021 with an Explanatory Memorandum, it is lengthy. Readers can jump to particular sections of this note rapidly via the Table of Contents bar on the left of the screen for quick navigation. Beyond unveiling the International Sportsperson route and renaming the remaining temporary work routes, the Statement of Changes makes numerous small adjustments across assorted areas of detail. These involve minor fixes to policy points and alterations to terminology/wording that have emerged in relation to routes streamlined for the post‑Brexit Immigration framework in HC 813 as implemented. Frequently, revisions are delivered through wholesale paragraph replacement, which gives them a more weighty appearance than they truly warrant (and also increases the time a user must spend to pinpoint what has in fact been altered in practice). This is especially true for the Appendix EU and Appendix EU (Family Permit) revisions within this document. The Law Commission’s very precise proposal that...

This Agreement is made on [ insert day ] of [ insert month ] 20[ insert year ] Parties [ Insert full legal name and residential address of the individual, or the company’s registered name, number, and registered office address ] (Party A) [ Insert full legal name and residential address of the individual, or the company’s registered name, number, and registered office address ] (Party B) Each is a ‘Party’, and together they are the ‘Parties’. The Parties hereby agree as follows: 1 Definitions and Interpretation Dispute – denotes any claim that stems from, or relates to, [ Insert description of the dispute/circumstances giving rise to the dispute ]. Proceedings – refers to litigation before the courts of England and Wales, and any arbitration connected to the Dispute. Period of Suspension – signifies the timeframe commencing on the date of this Agreement and continuing until brought to an end in accordance with clause 3....

The question considered by the Supreme Court in Lipton, and the Interpretation Act (or accrued rights) analysis In Lipton v BA Cityflyer, the UK Supreme Court, speaking obiter, examined the temporal reach of the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 (EU(W)A 2018). The issue was whether the provisions on retained EU law (REUL) must be applied by courts to disputes founded on facts predating IP completion day at the end of 2020, and to rights and liabilities that had already crystallised by that point. For ease of reference in this Q&A, matters turning on facts from before IP completion day are called ‘pre-Brexit cases’, while those arising from facts after that date are termed ‘post-Brexit cases’. On one interpretation, the response is that the EU(W)A 2018 provisions concerning REUL and assimilated law have no application to pre-Brexit cases. The temporal operation of REUL and of assimilated law is straightforward: before IP completion day, the UK’s domestic law operated insofar as it implemented the UK’s EU...