Trespass meaning

This Checklist sets out the application pathway under the Land Registration Act 2002 (LRA 2002), covering what must be proved to establish adverse possession, the required form and content of the application, the registrar’s notice and any counter-notice, how to meet the paragraph 5 conditions, and registration where the claim succeeds. For more detail on adverse possession see Practice Notes: Establishing adverse possession of land Claiming title by adverse possession under the Land Registration Act 2002 Claiming title by adverse possession under the Limitation Act 1980 or the Land Registration Act 1925 Adverse possession and leases Establish adverse possession To apply, the claimant (the ‘squatter’) must show: Factual possession—ie: sufficient physical control and custody of the land (Powell v McFarlane (1977) 38 P (not reported by LexisNexis®)) exclusive possession, whether sole or joint use of the land in the manner an occupying owner would ...

Birmingham City Council v Persons Unknown (Re Protests in Support of the Bin Workers’ Strike) [2026] EWHC 373 (KB) What are the practical implications of this case? The ruling confirms that public bodies may secure protest injunctions against ‘persons unknown’ when there is cogent proof of mounting, intentional disruption, provided procedural protections are scrupulously followed. By declining to waive service, the court emphasised that CPR 6.16 demands truly exceptional circumstances. Accordingly, claimants should implement robust alternative notification measures and adhere closely to CPR 6.15, with explicit provisions on deemed service and liberty to apply. Injunction terms should be bounded by time and geography, and supported by precise evidence addressing trespass, private nuisance and public nuisance. On substance, the decision clearly distinguishes peaceful assembly from intentional blockage of access or critical services. Although Articles 10 and 11 are in play, persistent, targeted interference with public services is unlikely to sit at the heart of the protected rights...

In this issue Key developments and horizon scanning Forfeiture Service charges Disputes and remedies Trespass and adverse possession LexTalk®Property Disputes: a Lexis®Nexis community Additional Property disputes updates Daily and weekly news alerts New and updated content Trackers Latest Q&As Key developments and horizon scanning The Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 secured Royal Assent on 24 May 2024, ahead of Parliament’s prorogation. The Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities confirmed this in a press release outlining the headline measures. See LNB News 28/05/2024 108. The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors has reacted to the passage of the LFRA 2024. RICS welcomes the Act for bringing greater certainty to leaseholders, landlords and the market, while noting lingering ambiguities and points of concern. See LNB 29/05/2024 75. Forfeiture A delay in returning rent did not amount to a waiver of the right to forfeit (The Tropical Zoo Ltd v The Mayor...

In this issue: Repairing obligations and dilapidations Trespass and adverse possession Service charges Residential tenancies Disputes and remedies Rent and rates Easements and covenants Property disputes in Scotland Additional Property Disputes updates LexTalk® Property Disputes: a Lexis®Nexis community Daily and weekly news alerts New and updated content Dates for your diary Trackers Repairing obligations and dilapidations Building Safety Act—remediation contribution orders—respondents’ appeal dismissed in Vista Tower (Grey GR Ltd Partnership v Edgewater (Stevenage)) In Grey GR Ltd Partnership v Edgewater (Stevenage) [2025] Lexis Citation 276, the Upper Tribunal (UT) rejected the respondents’ appeal against the First-tier Tribunal’s (FTT) grant of a remediation contribution order under section 124 of the Building Safety Act 2022, made against 75 respondents. Marcus Birch of BCLP reviews the decision. See News Analysis: Building Safety Act—remediation contribution orders—respondents’ appeal dismissed in Vista Tower. High Court held progressive failure of window seals constituted disrepair (Better...

This Practice Note outlines the options open to landowners faced with unlawful occupation by a trespasser or squatter, the issues that can follow from trespass, and the potential measures the owner may pursue, including physical repossession. It considers the Criminal Law Act 1977 (CLA 1977) and the exception for displaced residential occupiers, the use of police powers to arrest where suitable, the effect of the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 (LASPO 2012) in criminalising residential squatting, injunctions and interim injunctions, and damages, including the negotiating damages approach, mesne profits, exemplary and aggravated damages, anticipated damages, and res judicata defences. The ways a landowner can recover possession from a trespasser include: physical repossession arrest of the trespasser by the police for a criminal offence injunction possession claim (including a claim for an interim possession order) Beyond the remedies available to recover possession, a landowner may also claim damages for the trespass. Such claims may involve negotiating damages,...

Property Disputes (PD) This beginner’s guide sets out a primer on Property Disputes (PD). It is designed for trainee solicitors and practitioners encountering PD for the first time. The guide highlights the principal issues that commonly arise in PD and signposts other Lexis+® UK sources and materials offering fuller detail on the subjects covered. Newcomers to PD will also benefit from the Overviews within each PD subtopic. These provide a summary of every subtopic, with links to pertinent content inside that subtopic to aid navigation. For instance, see: Property insolvency—overview. The PD module further includes a Property Disputes introductory materials topic, containing links to training materials and “How to guides”, “Quick guides”, plus checklists and flowcharts. The PD module centres on property disputes in England and Wales, while a distinct subtopic focusses on Scottish property disputes (see: Property disputes in Scotland—overview). If a point is not addressed in this guide, use the PD practice area Topics tab or the Topics dropdown menu to explore additional content. This guide also...

This Practice Note addresses the defences that may arise in response to a claim for injuries caused by an animal. It considers accidents attributable to the claimant, voluntary acceptance of risk, trespass and contributory negligence. The Animals Act 1971 is referred to in this Practice Note as AA 1971. Accident caused by claimant A defendant may avoid liability for injury arising from an animal if they can demonstrate, under AA 1971, s 5(1), that the claimant’s injury was wholly their own fault. Examples might include the following: riding so close to another horse in a show ring that it kicks out (see Jones v Baldwin (2010) Cardiff County Court (not reported by LexisNexis®)) grabbing and restraining a dog so it feels threatened and bites (see Preskey v Sutcliffe (2013) Leeds County Court (not reported by LexisNexis®)) Voluntary acceptance of risk A defendant will also avoid liability under AA 1971, s 5(2), where the claimant has voluntarily accepted the risk of...

The Contract comprises the completed Standard Building Contract With Approximate Quantities 2016 published by the JCT subject to the following amendments: This Contract adopts JCT SBC/AQ 2016 with extensive modifications to reflect design responsibility, building safety and commercial controls. Recitals: Contractor to provide a master programme and Schedule of Information Requirements; confirms site due diligence and accepts full CDP design liability. Articles: Dutyholder Regulations added; Tender Price covers Principal Contractor duties; arbitration removed; Schedule of Amendments prevails; strict protection of Third Party Agreements. Definitions/governance: new and revised terms (Building Safety Regulator, HRB, Practical Completion, Copyright Material, Design Sub‑contractors, Dutyholder Regulations); several deletions; English court jurisdiction. Design/materials/information: skill‑and‑care design and coordination; only new, compliant, non‑deleterious materials; golden thread storage; monthly programme reporting; site risks at Contractor’s risk. Procedures/controls: tighter instruction, testing, defects and as‑built duties; enhanced confidentiality and IP licences; HRB assistance; CDM/Dutyholder competency confirmations. Sub‑contracting/rights: prescribed sub‑contracts, insurances and delivery of collateral warranties/third‑party rights; limits on assignment. Payment/commercial: 28‑day final...

Letter for employer to send to construction/design team in the event of main contractor insolvency [Employer’s headed notepaper OR Employer’s address][contact name, job title and department][name of sub-contractor or consultant company], [address] Dear [contact name] [name of project] — [name of main contractor] — Insolvency We advise that [name of main contractor] has [entered into administration OR is in liquidation OR other] and are considering the next legal and practical steps to complete the project. [As [main contractor] is no longer on site, suspend your services until works resume. We will confirm separately.] [Collateral warranties in our favour include step‑in rights; do not terminate [or suspend] your sub-contract with [main contractor] without giving prior notice in accordance with that warranty.] The site has been secured for safety and security. Do not remove goods or materials without our express written consent; entry without permission will constitute trespass. We have appointed a third party to audit the works and materials and may request further...

The issue here is between ‘a claim for personal injuries’, and ‘a claim in negligence or in battery’ This distinction confuses the category of harm (and the relief for it) with the juridical basis of liability. ‘Personal injury’ is not a tort at all—it is a type of harm flowing from a tort, which in turn generates a legal entitlement to redress. It must be differentiated from other forms of physical harm—for example, loss to property—and from other tortious invasions of personal rights (for instance, the reputational harm occasioned by the tort of defamation). The former labels damage; the latter names the actionable wrong...

Interim possession order (IPO) An interim possession order (IPO) is a remedy that can be sought solely in relation to trespassers, and non-compliance—by not vacating the premises within 24 hours—constitutes a criminal offence (Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994, s 76). This extends to anyone who departs and then returns (CJPOA 1994, s 76(4)). Procedural requirements for applications are set out in CPR 55.21–28...

Planning obligations and local land charges A planning obligation made under a section 106 agreement constitutes a local land charge for the purposes of the Local Land Charges Act 1975 (LLCA 1975) and, accordingly, ought to be entered on the local land charges register as a local land charge. A local authority search should disclose planning obligations in relation to the property being searched against. If an obligation has not been recorded as a local land charge, it nonetheless binds a purchaser of the land, although the purchaser may seek compensation for any loss suffered as a consequence of the absence of registration. For more details, see Practice Notes: Planning obligations—key points and Planning local authority searches. Enforcement of planning obligations Section 106(4) of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990 (TCPA 1990) states that a section 106 agreement may stipulate that a person ceases to be bound by the agreement once they no longer hold an interest in the land...