University meaning

In this issue: Air emissions and climate change Contamination and pollution Energy efficiency and buildings Energy for environmental lawyers Environmental information Environmental taxes, reliefs and incentives ESG and sustainability Hazardous substances and chemicals Nature, biodiversity and habitat conservation Waste Water, flooding and drainage Daily and weekly news alerts New and updated content Air emissions and climate change Greenhouse Gas Removals (GGR)-UK government publishes Business Model documentation On 27 August 2025, the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ) released a suite of papers on its proposed Greenhouse Gas Removals (GGR) Business Model and accompanying policy. The Lexis+ Energy team, working with Navraj Singh Ghaleigh, Senior Lecturer in Climate Law at the University of Edinburgh Law School, set out the context for the GGR Business Model; its relationship with the Power BECCS Business Model; the technologies the GGR framework intends to encompass; its legal footing and principal features; and how...

In this issue: Advertising, marketing and sponsorship Consumer protection Contracts Intellectual property International Sale and supply of goods Supplier management Daily and weekly news alerts New and updated content Dates for your diary Trackers Advertising, marketing and sponsorship ASA rulings—17 January 2024 The Driver Vehicle Standards Agency (DVSA) lodged a complaint with the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) about statements on www.escooters4less.co.uk—an online seller of electric scooters—concerning e-scooters and their illegality. The ASA upheld the complaint. See: LNB News 17/01/2024 63... ASA to regulate online advertising of less healthy food and drink products Ofcom has designated the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) to regulate online advertising of less healthy food and drink products, using its designation powers under the Communications Act 2003. Ofcom is satisfied that, among other considerations, the ASA is a fit and proper body, has adequate financial resources to ensure the effective performance of the Designated Functions, and will...

What are the practical implications of this case? Read v North Middlesex University Hospital NHS Trust [2025] EWHC 1603 (KB) carries significance for personal injury practitioners considering QOCS. It clarifies when QOCS can be removed after a claim is struck out. Crucially, the method used to achieve strike out does not, by itself, decide whether QOCS continues. What matters is the substantive basis for the strike out, rather than the procedural pathway taken. As a result, claimants should not assume that QOCS will automatically remain in place where a claim is struck out under CPR 3.4 (2) (c) due to non-compliance with, for instance, an Unless Order... Those acting for claimants must ensure clients understand that the court will undertake a qualitative assessment of the strike out grounds when determining QOCS. For defendants, the decision confirms that a strike out obtained by any procedural route may, depending on the reasons underpinning it, lead to the disapplication of QOCS protection...

CASE HUB ARCHIVED This archived case hub records the position as at the decision date of 1 August 2017; it is no longer being maintained. For further details, see the timeline, commentary and related cases. Case facts Outline: UK merger review into the proposed combination between Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust. Latest developments On 1 August 2017, the CMA granted full, unconditional clearance for the transaction. The CMA also determined that, although the merger could lessen competition in the provision of NHS elective services and NHS specialised services, the overall reduction in competition would ultimately be outweighed by significant benefits for patient care...

This Practice Note reviews the principal issues and risks that routinely arise on major construction for education providers, spanning higher education, further education, academies and independent schools. See also Practice Note: Building Schools for the Future/Priority School Building Programme [Archived]. Typical procurement routes While any conventional procurement route can be used on an education project, three factors usually drive the route selected by education clients for their construction programmes: Nature of client Education clients seldom commission large capital schemes. It is not their core activity and, except for sizeable university estates teams, they rarely possess the in-house expertise to procure major works successfully. They are regarded as inexperienced construction clients. Funding Funding is often capped and time limited. As a result, works are commonly let on a fixed-price contract, typically at a higher cost, to secure the level of certainty and control sought by funders (public or private investment) and governors. See Funding below. Risk management Site risks on education schemes are generally...

This Practice Note examines the legal framework governing a student’s relationship with their higher education provider in the context of discipline. It reviews the contractual position, its interface with public law, statutory obligations and criminal law. It also outlines categories of misconduct that may prompt disciplinary proceedings, and the factors to assess before any action is initiated. What power does a higher education institution have to discipline a student? Although a student’s dealings with their university are regulated by several areas of law, including: public law, including discrimination law (as set out in the Equality Act 2010 (EqA 2010)) statutory duties relating to freedom of speech on campus, human rights law data protection laws tort law, in respect of negligence claims, and property law concerning student accommodation the institution’s relationship with the student is predominantly contractual (Clark v University of Lincolnshire and Humberside). An institution’s authority to impose discipline therefore derives from that contract. See Practice Note: Higher...

[ Insert in para 8.2 of claim form ET1: ] The Claimant is of [ Indian ] heritage and holds a degree in civil engineering from the [ insert name of college or university ] in India. The Respondent is a practice of engineers conducting business at the premises in [ insert address ]...

An unincorporated association is not a legal entity In principle, it lacks legal personality and therefore cannot bring or face proceedings in its own name; this was the stance in London Association for Protection of Trade v Greenlands Limited. The position was examined in detail in Chancellor, Masters and Scholars of the University of Oxford v Broughton, a matter arising from a campaign by the Animal Liberation Front and related bodies. The conventional course is to seek a representation order, allowing a named member or office-holder to be joined as a party ‘on behalf of the members of the association’. Yet time pressures—particularly an approaching limitation deadline—may make obtaining such an order impracticable, prompting a prospective claimant to ask whether the association can be joined in its own name. As recorded in University of Oxford, there have been instances where the court has in fact made orders directly against an association. Several first‑instance rulings placed before the court show orders made against protest groups which have been...