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Valuation (Banking & Finance) meaning

What does Valuation (Banking & Finance) mean?
In banking and finance practice, a valuation is an independent written report by a qualified valuer estimating the price likely to be realised on sale of collateral or other assets, and explaining the basis, methodology and assumptions used. It is not generally defined in legislation; its form and standards are driven by professional rules (notably the RICS Valuation – Global Standards (Red Book) and the SCSI/RICS standards in Ireland) and case law on valuers’ duties. Key features include: the valuation date; the asset(s) valued (for example real estate, plant and machinery, ships, aircraft, shares or receivables); the stated basis of value (such as market value, market rent, existing use value or forced-sale value); any assumptions/special assumptions; material uncertainty statements; and limitations and liability caps. Lenders require independence, appropriate expertise and reliance wording (by address or reliance letter) in favour of the lender, security agent and syndicate. Valuations are used to set loan-to-value ratios, determine borrowing bases, test covenants and margin ratchets, and inform enforcement and insolvency strategies. Practice is broadly consistent across England & Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland (RICS standards apply), and in Ireland (SCSI/RICS standards). Scottish terminology (heritable property, standard security) differs but the valuation approach is the same.
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