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Waterfall provision meaning

What does Waterfall provision mean?
A waterfall provision describes, in plain terms, the agreed order in which cash or assets are applied and paid out. In corporate and joint venture practice it governs the priority for shareholder distributions and the return of capital, especially on an exit (sale or refinancing) or on liquidation of the joint venture company. It is a descriptive, contract-based concept rather than a term defined by legislation or case law, and is used consistently across England & Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Ireland. Typically drafted in tiers (or tranches), each tier must be satisfied in full before moving to the next. Common features include: the sequence for fees/expenses, repayment of amounts advanced, preferred return or priority dividends, return of paid-up capital, and then residual distributions pro rata. In financing documents, a “priority of payments” or “distribution waterfall” similarly orders payments among creditors. A waterfall must comply with mandatory law, including the Companies Act 2006 (UK) and Companies Act 2014 (Ireland) on lawful distributions and capital maintenance, and insolvency priorities, which cannot be overridden. Key drafting points include defining what constitutes distributable profits or proceeds, timing and mechanics, pro rata rules within each class, and anti-leakage protections.
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NEWS
Intercreditor Deeds: Junior Permitted Payments Continue After Receiver's Appointment, Taking Priority Over Application-of-Proceeds Waterfall Until £1.5m Cap (Mayfair Capital v Reim Katch, England and Wales)

Mayfair Capital Residential 2 LLP v Reim Katch Securities Ltd [2024] EWHC 1920 (Ch) What are the practical implications of this case? In Mayfair Capital, the court concluded that an intercreditor deed permitted ongoing ‘permitted payments’ to the junior lender, notwithstanding the appointment of a receiver. The application of proceeds clause, which directs amounts received by the lenders to be applied first in discharge of the senior debt and then the junior debt, was held, by necessary implication, to operate subject to the permitted payments provision. Accordingly, the permitted payments regime prevailed over that clause to this extent. The decision is a helpful reminder to practitioners to ensure intercreditor agreements and deeds of priority contain express payment stops (where this is commercially agreed). Further, where the parties intend the way in which proceeds are applied to differ before and after enforcement, this should be made clear within the agreement. What was the background? The focus of the dispute was the proper interpretation of particular provisions in...

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View the related Practice Notes about Waterfall provision

PRACTICE NOTES
EU CCPs: EMIR 3 framework on authorisation, prudential risk management, interoperability, third-country recognition, client asset protection, FRANDT, active accounts, and related regimes MiFIR, CRR, DORA, plus recovery and resolution

What are CCPs and what do they do? A central counterparty (CCP) is a form of financial institution, often called a clearing house, that enables the clearing of both over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives and exchange-traded derivatives (ETDs). CCPs are recognised as financial market infrastructures (FMIs). A derivative is a financial instrument whose value is set by reference to, and therefore derived from, an underlying asset, index, rate, reference point or risk (known as the underlying asset or simply the underlying). Derivatives are bi-lateral agreements that shift some or all of the risk and reward linked to the underlying from one party to another, without any immediate delivery of the underlying item. The terms of OTC derivatives are negotiated directly between the counterparties, or in certain instances arranged via a broker. OTC derivatives are distinct from derivatives, typically futures or options, that are traded on public exchanges (called exchange-traded derivatives or ETDs). For ETDs, contract terms are defined by the exchanges on which they trade, not by the contracting parties. ETDs...

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PRACTICE NOTES
EU and UK EMIR: post‑Brexit divergence tracker and article‑by‑article analysis of EMIR 3, FSMA 2023 and CCP, clearing, reporting, margin and trade repository requirements

This Practice Note traces differences between European Market Infrastructure Regulation (EU) 648/2012 (EU EMIR) and Assimilated Regulation (EU) 648/2012 (UK EMIR). How to use this Practice Note Use this Practice Note as a navigational aid when reviewing Assimilated Regulation (EU) 648/2012 (UK EMIR), by comparing it with the parallel provisions in Regulation (EU) 648/2012 (EU EMIR). Set out below are links to all Articles and Annexes in UK EMIR and EU EMIR respectively. Each section provides: the relevant Articles and Annexes as they currently stand, including: the latest changes made, when they were made, and details of the implementing/amending/repealing legislation proposed reforms to specified Articles a brief summary of points of divergence (ie how the relevant Article or Annex has evolved in the UK and/or the EU since 31 December 2020, being the end of the Brexit transition period) The degree of variance between the regimes is signposted as...

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PRACTICE NOTES
Comprehensive glossary of UK restructuring and insolvency terms, covering Companies Act schemes, Part 26A plans, IA 1986 processes, and cross‑border concepts including COMI, UNCITRAL and assimilated EU rules.

This glossary sets out numerous expressions regularly encountered in the restructuring & insolvency sphere. Words shown in bold within definitions are themselves explained in other entries in this glossary as well. A Article X The MLIJ contains a single provision named Article X, aimed at jurisdictions that have already implemented the MLCBI, like England, or are weighing its adoption. Article X states: ‘Not withstanding any prior interpretation to the contrary, the relief available under [insert a cross-reference to the legislation of this State enacting Article 21 of the UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency] includes recognition and enforcement of a judgment’ (see Practice Note: UNCITRAL model law on recognition and enforcement of insolvency-related judgments (MLIJ): Article X). Asset-backed security (ABS) A form of security anchored by asset pools, for example loans, leases, and credit card receivables. Assimilated law From 1 January 2024, ‘retained law’ has been retitled ‘assimilated law’. The body of domestic law originally arising from EU obligations, created by the European...

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PRECEDENTS
Companies Act 2006 private company articles: precedent amendments for growth (A Ordinary) shares with threshold price waterfall, investor rights, leaver, drag and tag provisions

1 Model Articles 1.1 Save to the extent that these Articles amend, disapply or conflict with them, the Model Articles govern the Company. Subject to any such amendments, disapplications or conflicts, the Model Articles, together with these Articles, comprise the Company’s articles of association, to the exclusion of any other articles or regulations contained in any statute, statutory instrument or other subordinate legislation. 1.2 The following provisions of the Model Articles shall have no effect in relation to the Company: 11(2) (quorum for directors’ meetings), 12 (chairing of directors’ meetings), 13 (casting vote), 14(1)–(5) (conflicts of interest), 21 (all shares to be fully paid up), 26(5) (share transfers), 30(5)–(7) (procedure for declaring dividends), 39 (chairing general meetings), 42 (voting: general), 44(2) (poll votes), 50 (no right to inspect accounts and other records), 51 (provision for employees on cessation of business), 52 (indemnity) and 53 (insurance)...

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