Working Capital meaning

This Checklist This Checklist provides points to weigh up when preparing and seeking sign-off for a company voluntary arrangement (CVA) involving the Pension Protection Fund (PPF). It draws on PPF Guidance Note 5 issued in 2018 (see PPF Guidance Note 5: CVAs). When an employing company (or all participating employers in a last man standing scheme) files a CVA proposal with the court, a PPF assessment period begins. Under section 137 of the Pensions Act 2004, the PPF assumes the pension trustees’ voting entitlement (see Practice Note: The Pension Protection Fund—eligibility and entry). In practice, the PPF will typically cast a vote for or against the proposal rather than refrain. The PPF is consistently focused on avoiding any precedent that might allow pension schemes to be diluted where potential PPF entry could arise in the near future (the PPF observes that this has occurred in numerous prior CVAs). The PPF also anticipates that pension trustees will appoint their financial advisers to produce a report addressing the areas of concern...

In a private equity-backed management or leveraged buyout, the principal documents fall into three main groups: Acquisition documents — these set the terms of the purchase between the seller and the buyer (ie newco) Equity documents — these set the terms of the equity investment and govern the relationship between the investor/s and management Finance documents — these cover the provision of the debt facilities and any related facilities (for example, a revolving credit facility for working capital) Acquisition documents Heads of terms (acquisition) The heads of terms, kept to a short form, provide a high-level summary of the parties’ expectations, shared understanding and agreement on the key terms of the intended acquisition. They are signed at the outset of the deal once the parties have aligned on the principal points and before the investor incurs costs on due diligence and the negotiation of the transaction documents...

Question Answer This Checklist is for in-house lawyers. It helps you gauge how well you grasp the key finance and accounting concepts you are likely to encounter day to day, and how they apply within the business. Use it to spot knowledge gaps-both technical and business-specific-and to prioritise what to tackle next so you can contribute more effectively to commercial discussions. Assess your current confidence level honestly; this will show you where to concentrate your learning. Some questions test awareness of concepts, others explore how you have used this knowledge practically; use both to target your development. If several areas feel uncomfortable, that is common and fixable. See Practice Notes: Introduction to business finance and accounting-financial accounting and external performance and Introduction to business finance and accounting-management accounting and internal decision-making for guidance on the essentials of business finance and accounting, and why this matters for in-house lawyers. See: Improving your financial literacy-checklist for practical steps that you can take to improve your financial literacy and understanding of how...

In this issue: Sustainable finance and ESG round-up Trade and commodity finance Sustainable finance Debt capital markets Regulation for derivatives lawyers Regulation for banking lawyers Cryptoassets Daily and weekly news alerts New and updated content Useful information Sustainable finance and ESG round-up For a summary of this week’s Sustainable finance and ESG developments, see: Sustainable finance and ESG weekly round–up—5 September 2024. Trade and commodity finance ICC issues report on the advantages of trade digitalisation The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) Digital Standards Initiative has released a report that, through 22 case studies, demonstrates how supply chain participants use digital tools and interoperable global standards to resolve supply chain challenges and pain points. The case studies concentrate on shipping and logistics, commercial documentation and product information, cross‑border regulatory compliance, and financial services and fraud prevention as priority areas for digitalisation. The report indicates that by digitising trade workflows, businesses can cut...

In this issue: Private equity and venture capital Employment taxes Taxes management and litigation Real estate tax Daily and weekly news alerts New and updated content Dates for your diary Trackers Useful information Private equity and venture capital CIOT publishes its response to call for evidence on tax treatment of carried interest The Chartered Institute of Taxation (CIOT) has issued its reply to the government’s call for evidence concerning how carried interest is taxed. See: LNB News 03/09/2024 5. Employment taxes Upper Tribunal allows HMRC IR35 appeal (HMRC v S&L Barnes Ltd) In HMRC v S&L Barnes Ltd, the Upper Tribunal (UT) set aside the First-tier Tax Tribunal’s (FTT) decision and upheld HMRC’s appeal, concluding that the intermediaries legislation (IR35) applied to a personal service company supplying the services of former rugby international Stuart Barnes (B) to Sky TV as a co-commentator and pundit. See News Analysis: Upper Tribunal allows HMRC...

In this issue: UK, EU and international regulators and bodies Authorisation, approval and supervision Operational resilience Financial crime and sanctions Consumer protection Complaints, compensation and claims management Investigations, enforcement and discipline Regulation of capital markets Packaged Retail and Insurance-based Investment Products (PRIIPs) Dispute resolution for financial services lawyers Regulation of derivatives Sustainable finance and ESG Investment funds and asset management UK MiFID II EU MiFID II Payment services and systems Fintech and cryptoassets Regulation of AI in FS LexTalk®Financial Services: a Lexis®Nexis community Financial Services Enforcement Database Daily and weekly news alerts Intraday news alerts New and updated content Dates for your diary Latest Q&As No Weekly Highlights on 24 April 2025 UK, EU and international regulators and bodies FCA announces first international presence in US and Asia-Pacific regions The Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) has unveiled its...

Practice Note This Practice Note consists of two strands created to help dispute resolution practitioners remain up to date with developments in case law that affect their field, or which influence civil litigation procedure more generally: selected forthcoming appeals to the Supreme Court are highlighted below; see Key forthcoming appeals to the Supreme Court—2022 summaries of significant appeal decisions in England and Wales (ie rulings of the Court of Appeal and Supreme Court and, where appropriate, certain judgments of the Competition Appeal Tribunal, Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, Court of Justice of the European Union), and ECtHR, which we have covered; see: Key forthcoming appeal cases—2022 You can navigate this content using the table of contents in the left-hand margin. Alternatively, search this tracker using [CTRL]+[F]. This material is not intended to be a comprehensive register of every appeal or major decision relevant to dispute resolution practitioners. Key forthcoming appeals to the Supreme Court—2022 Tort and negligence ...

The statutory residence test (SRT) The statutory residence test (SRT) is the framework for deciding whether a person is UK tax resident for 2013–14 and later tax years. Crucially, it applies only to income tax, capital gains tax, inheritance tax (IHT) and corporation tax. Other regimes use distinct rules—most notably Stamp Duty Land Tax and National Insurance. The SRT focuses on the consequences of time spent in, and ties to, the UK. It is entirely separate from immigration law and any permission to enter, live or work in the UK. These notes consider the UK as a whole. They do not cover the separate residence rules that determine whether someone is resident in a constituent nation, such as Scotland or Wales, for devolved tax purposes. As explained in Practice Note: The structure of the statutory residence test, establishing an individual’s residency under the SRT can involve up to three stages. The steps are: First, check whether the individual spent 183 days or more...

What does this Practice Note cover? This Practice Note examines transactions that rely on Regulation S under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (15 USC § 77a) (the Securities Act). Regulation S removes from the section 5 (15 USC § 77e) registration regime offers and sales of securities conducted outside the US. The note provides an outline of Regulation S, addressing the issuer and resale safe harbours, typical Regulation S deal structures, and practical guidance for lawyers working on . What is Regulation S? Under section 5 of the Securities Act, it is unlawful to use any means or instruments of interstate commerce to offer, sell, or deliver a security unless a registration statement for that security has been filed with, and declared effective by, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). As ‘interstate commerce’ in section 2(a)(7) of the Securities Act (15 USC § 77b(a)(7)) encompasses trade and commerce with any foreign country, section 5’s registration rules could be read to cover all securities offerings...

[ insert date of letter ] [ insert name of employee ] [ insert address of employee ] Dear [ insert name of employee ] [ insert name of Company ] (the Company ) I am pleased to inform you that the directors of the Company have authorised the award of an enterprise management incentives (EMI) option ( Option ) to you. Enclosed is a copy of the option agreement, which must be signed by you and the Company for the grant of the Option to become effective. The Option gives you the right to purchase [ insert maximum number and class of shares which can be exercised pursuant to the Option agreement ] shares in the Company ( Shares ) at a price of [ insert exercise price of shares ] per Share [ upon an ‘Exit’ event of the Company (which broadly means a takeover of the Company [ , an asset sale or a listing of its shares ] [ , a...

Company number: [ insert number ] [ insert company name ] LIMITED Minutes of the board of directors’ meeting (the Meeting) of [ insert full name of company ] (the Company). Convened at [ insert place of meeting ] on [ insert day, month and year of meeting ] at [ insert time of meeting ] [ am OR pm ]. Present: [ Insert names of the director(s) physically present ] [ Insert names of any directors present by telephone as permitted by the Company’s articles of association ] (by telephone) [ Insert names of any directors present by other means permitted by the Company’s articles of association ] (by [ insert other means ]) In attendance: [ Insert name of anyone in attendance, who does not count towards the quorum for the Meeting (eg the company secretary, any legal advisers) ] Apologies: [ Insert names of any directors...

This is designed to build your understanding of your organisation’s finance and accounting by providing essential financial questions. Capture every response in the table. You might also need to consult your finance team to fill any omissions along the way as you proceed...

In financial remedy proceedings, it is usual for one party to earn on a self-employed footing as a sole trader in practice. Instead of using a separate legal personality, for example a company acting as the primary earning vehicle and paying salary and dividends, they trade in a chosen style or their own name and settle personal income tax on profits. Business costs are set off in the ordinary manner, and accounts are normally drawn up for this very purpose. Some sole traders simply run income and outgoings through a personal bank account, while others prefer to operate from a separate, dedicated business account...