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R (Greyhound Board of Great Britain Ltd) v Welsh Ministers [2026] EWHC 670 (Admin) What are the practical implications of this case? The ruling reinforces the constitutional divide between the courts and the legislature. It explains that the scheme and framework of the Government of Wales Act 2006 (GWA 2006) embody that separation of powers, and that any judicial attempt to recognise and enforce a common law obligation on Welsh Ministers to consult prior to introducing legislation in the Senedd would trespass upon that boundary. This is not a departure from established principle; case law has already upheld comparable rules for lawmakers in Scotland and at Westminster. However, this is the first express confirmation of the position for Welsh lawmakers, and the first time this dimension of the GWA 2006 has been analysed in such depth. The court examined earlier
The solution arrived through the United Nations Compensation Commission (UNCC), a quasi‑judicial body handling mass claims, created under UN Security Council Resolution 687. By addressing environmental harm—most notably via its ‘F4’ claim class—the UNCC set a seminal benchmark shaping how international law and contemporary arbitral panels allocate financial responsibility for wartime ecological devastation. With present-day wars in areas such as Eastern Europe and the Middle East bringing dam breaches, strikes on chemical facilities, and the burning of farmland, the UNCC’s legacy endures as an essential reference point for states, global investors, and companies engaged in post‑conflict arbitration. The F4 claims: Quantifying the unquantifiable Prior to the 1990s, mechanisms in international law for war reparations overwhelmingly favoured property loss, foregone earnings, and bodily injury. The natural world was commonly treated as a mute, non-compensable victim of armed hostilities...
Understanding the farming business as a business Many farms still use long-standing structures that arose by habit, not strategy. Sole traders, informal partnerships and outdated partnership deeds are common. While once effective, such setups can cause major issues around succession, tax planning and involving the next generation. A corporate team can take a fresh, business-led view of the farm, asking: Who owns the land and other critical assets? Who manages daily operations? Who carries the risk and who enjoys the return? What is the enduring plan for succession? From this review, the team can confirm whether the current setup is fit for purpose or if an alternative — for example an updated partnership agreement, a company, a limited liability partnership, or a blended model — would better meet the family’s aims. Tax efficiency through joined-up advice Tax sits at the centre of most
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Antitrust CMA accepts commitments from AJBA parties to address competition concerns on UK- US air routes The CMA confirmed it has accepted commitments from American Airlines, International Consolidated Airlines Group ( British Airways, Iberia and Aer Lingus), and Finnair in its assessment of the Atlantic Joint Business Agreement ( AJBA). The authority’s review considered whether the AJBA curtailed competition on four transatlantic routes: London– Boston, London– Chicago, London– Dallas and London– Miami. Commission’s 2010 investigation Between 2009 and 2010, the European Commission examined the AJBA, flagging concerns about competition on six transatlantic routes. The Commission closed the matter in July 2010 after accepting commitments from the parties, which included making slots available at Heathrow or Gatwick to rivals. Those commitments were scheduled to expire in July 2020. CMA’s investigation Before that expiry, and with Brexit anticipated, the CMA opened its own investigation in October 2018 into the AJBA’s...
State aid Commission launches call for evidence on technical updates of the ETS State aid guidelines The Commission has opened a call for evidence seeking views on proposed technical revisions to the Emissions Trading System State aid guidelines ( ETS Guidelines). As set out in the European Chemicals Action Plan of 8 July 2025, ETS Guidelines are to be revised to bring additional sectors within scope......
Mergers Aramark/ Entier referred to phase 2 The CMA has sent to phase 2 the finalised takeover of Entier Limited ( Entier) by Aramark Limited ( Aramark)......
FDI High Court dismisses judicial review challenge to FTDI divestment order made under the NSIA On 25 July 2025, the High Court delivered its judgment in FTDI Holding Limited, R (on application of) v Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in the Cabinet Office, a judicial review brought by FTDI Holding Limited ( FTDIHL) challenging a divestment order made under the National Security and Investment Act 2021 ( NSIA). The government’s order required the disposal of an 80.2% stake in Future Technology Devices International Limited ( FTDI). The Court concluded the order was lawfully made, proportionate, and consistent with FTDIHL’s rights under the European Convention on Human Rights ( ECHR). Although the Court found non-compliance with the statutory duty to provide reasons in the final order, it determined that this shortcoming did not invalidate the...
Mergers The Commission has approved the following: the joint control acquisition of PTH No 1 Pty Ltd by Qube Holdings Limited, Brookfield Corporation, and Qatar Holding ( M.12032), following a phase I review—see also Midday Express the acquisition of sole control of Groupe Mécanique Découpage S. A. by DSBJ PTE......
State aid Court of Justice rules on Italian reference, finding renewable energy State aid inadmissible The Court of Justice delivered its judgment in Case C‑514/23, Tiberis Holding, a request from Italy as a national reference seeking further guidance on the compatibility with the EU internal market of a domestic scheme designed to encourage, in particular, the generation of power from renewable sources. Background The reference emerged from a dispute between Tiberis Holding Srl ( Tiberis), a hydroelectric power operator, and Gestore dei Servizi Energetici ( GSE), the Italian energy services manager......
Antitrust CAT grants CMA warrants to enter and search business premises relating to its supply waste management services investigation The CAT handed down its judgment, dated 13 June 2025, in CMA v Another, concerning the CMA’s application for six search warrants under section 28(1)(b) of the Competition Act 1998. The CAT approved the CMA’s application. Background The CMA sought four warrants pursuant to section 28(1) of the Competition Act 1998 to authorise searches of business premises as part of its investigation into suspected breaches of the Chapter I prohibition, namely an alleged market‑sharing arrangement in the supply of waste management services in at least the North West of England and North Wales. Three undertakings are under suspicion: Gaskells ( North West) Limited ( Gaskells) Ash Waste Services Limited ( Ash) Bagnall & Morris Waste Services Limited ( B& M) Information gathered by the CMA suggests all three provide waste...
Market studies CMA publishes final decision report relating to its cloud services market investigation; recommends SMS designation for Microsoft and AWS The CMA has issued its final decision report on its investigation into the UK supply of public cloud infrastructure services. It concluded that competition is not functioning effectively across infrastructure and platform cloud services, particularly due to practices by Microsoft and Amazon Web Services ( AWS). Consequently, the CMA has recommended that both companies be designated with Strategic Market Status ( SMS) under the Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act 2024 ( DMCCA). Background Public cloud infrastructure services (cloud services) enable customers to use shared computing resources on demand, avoiding the need to own the underlying hardware and software. On 6 October 2022, Ofcom commenced a market study into the provision of cloud services in the UK to examine the strength of...
Mergers The Commission approved Neoenergia, S. A. and Warrington Investment Pte. Ltd. in order to secure joint control over Neoenergia Itabapoana Transmissão de Energia, S. A.......
Mergers Following a phase I investigation, the Commission approved the acquisition of joint control over Dhyve BV by DIF Management BV and Virya Energy NV ( M.11829); for more details, see Midday Express. Note— For a complete list of live merger investigations before the Commission, consult the EU mergers—ongoing cases tracker. Digital Markets The Commission published in the Official Journal a summary of an amending decision under Article 4(1) of Regulation 2022/1925 on contested and fair markets in the digital sector ( Digital Markets Act), relating to the designation of Meta as a ‘gatekeeper’; see the summary of decision. Note— For an overview of current EU enforcement activity under the EU’s Digital Markets Act, see the EU Digital Markets Act enforcement actions—ongoing cases tracker. Upcoming dates For dates of forthcoming EU competition developments, please see the EU Competition calendar......
Mergers The CMA opened its phase 1 review into the proposed purchase of DHL e Commerce UK by EVRi, alongside DHL Group’s plan to take a minority shareholding in EVRi—see further, case page The CMA released an invitation to comment regarding the expected takeover of DR Baling Wire by Accent Wire—see further, case page The CMA posted the public version of its decision concluding that Kpler Holding SA’s completed purchase of Spire Global Inc.’s maritime data unit does not meet the thresholds for assessment under the Enterprise Act 2002’s merger regime—see further, decision NOTE— For every live merger before the CMA, see further, UK mergers—ongoing cases tracker Upcoming dates For details of forthcoming UK competition developments, see further, UK Competition calendar......
State aid The Commission has cleared, under EU State aid rules: a Danish measure (€36m) designed to cut greenhouse gas emissions in domestic aviation—see further, press release a Danish measure (€134m) assisting companies in decreasing their greenhouse gas emissions—see further, Midday Express a Swedish strategic reserve (€300m) to protect the security of electricity supply in emergency situations—see further, press release The Commission has concluded that Czech support for insurance premiums granted to certain large Czech agricultural companies in 2018 does not constitute State aid within the meaning of EU State aid rules—see further, Midday Express NOTE— For all live State aid decisions and live formal State aid investigations, see further, EU State aid...
Foreign Subsidies Regulation ADNOC/ Covestro referred to phase II under the FSR Under Regulation 2022/2560 on foreign subsidies distorting the internal market (the Foreign Subsidies Regulation ( FSR)), the Commission has referred to Phase II its in-depth review of Abu Dhabi National Oil Company’s ( ADNOC) proposed acquisition of Covestro ( FS.100156). ADNOC is Abu Dhabi’s State‑owned national oil company. Covestro, formerly Bayer Material Science, is a German chemical producer and manufacturer focused on high‑performance polymers and components for such polymers. At phase I, the Commission expressed concerns that ADNOC and Covestro may have received foreign subsidies distorting the EU internal market, including: (i) an unlimited guarantee from the United Arab Emirates; and (ii) a committed capital injection by ADNOC into Covestro......
Private actions CAT grants interim injunction requiring Porsche to continue supply of spare parts to Eurospares The CAT has delivered its judgment in Eurospares ( Continental Parts) Limited v (1) Porsche Cars Great Britain Limited (2) Porsche Retail Group Limited, following an application by Eurospares ( Continental Parts) Ltd ( Eurospares) for an interim injunction. Eurospares sought an order restraining Porsche Cars Great Britain Limited ( PCGB) and Porsche Retail Group Limited ( PRG) (together, Porsche) from stopping or refusing to supply Eurospares with Porsche spare parts pending determination of its claim. That claim alleges that the design of Porsche’s selective distribution system infringes the Chapter I and Chapter II prohibitions in the Competition Act 1998. In response, the CAT granted interim relief, directing Porsche to maintain the supply of Porsche spare parts to Eurospares until the dispute is resolved......
State aid The Commission has cleared, under the EU State aid rules, the following measures: an Italian scheme (valued at €41.5m) in favour of Ephos S.r.l., an Italian SME, to establish a first-of-its-kind manufacturing plant for glass-based photonic chips in the Milan area—see further, Midday Express a Czech measure (amounting to €60m annually) to compensate the postal operator Czech Post for the provision of a public service obligation in Czechia over 2025–2029—see further, Midday Express NOTE— For all live State aid decisions and live formal State aid investigations, see further, EU State aid decisions—ongoing cases tracker Antitrust The Commission has published the public version of its decision in Food delivery services ( AT.40795), by which it imposed fines totalling €329m on Delivery Hero and Glovo for their participation in a cartel in the online food delivery sector—see further,...
Mergers The CMA has confirmed that the completed purchase by Kpler Holding SA of Spire Global Inc.’s maritime data business does not meet the threshold for a merger investigation under the Enterprise Act 2002; see the case page. NOTE— For all current mergers before the CMA, see the UK mergers—ongoing cases tracker. Upcoming dates— For forthcoming UK competition developments, see the UK Competition calendar. ......
Mergers Commission probes a possible breach of Article 14(1) EUMR in the 2024 KKR/ Net Co merger The Commission has opened an investigation into whether KKR supplied inaccurate or misleading information to it during the Commission’s 2024 merger review regarding KKR’s purchase of Net Co ( M.12099). Background KKR, based in the US, is a global investment firm that provides alternative asset management, as well as capital markets and insurance solutions......
Subsidy control CAT dismisses second subsidy control challenge against decision by Greater Manchester Combined Authority The CAT has delivered its judgment in Mr Aubrey Weis v Greater Manchester Combined Authority, an application made by Mr Aubrey Weis under section 70 of the Subsidy Control Act 2022 (the Act). He sought a review of an alleged decision by the Greater Manchester Combined Authority to provide two loans to a property developer for investment in residential property development in central Manchester. The CAT dismissed the application. Background The Greater Manchester Combined Authority ( GMCA) approved two loans totalling £140m to Trinity Developments ( Manchester) Limited ( Trinity) and New Jackson ( Contour) Investments Limited ( New Jackson). The loans were: £70.8m to Trinity, to deliver four high-rise residential towers at Trinity Islands ( River Irwell/ Trinity Way), and £69.2m to New Jackson, for a...
In this issue: UK NSI Act UK mergers UK competition policy EU mergers EU antitrust EU Foreign Subsidies Regulation New and updated content Daily and weekly news alerts Caselex UK NSI Act Government consults on proposed reforms to the NSI Act 2021 mandatory notification regime The UK Government has launched a consultation on proposed revisions to the National Security and Investment Act 2021 ( Notifiable Acquisition) ( Specification of Qualifying Entities) Regulations 2021, which determine the scope of mandatory filings under the NSI Act. This follows the 2024 statutory review of the NARs and engagement through the 2023 Call for Evidence. The Government sets out targeted adjustments intended to keep the regime proportionate and effective at capturing national security risks in sensitive parts of the UK economy, whilst ensuring that the vast majority of transactions remain outside its reach. Key proposals include: New standalone mandatory notification areas: creating two separate categories for...
Digital markets CMA proposes to designate Apple and Google with SMS for mobile platforms under DMCCA 2024 The CMA has initiated consultations on its proposed determinations to classify Apple and Google as holding strategic market status ( SMS) in respect of their individual mobile platforms under the Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act 2024 ( DMCCA 2024). On a provisional basis, the CMA has concluded that both Apple and Google possess substantial, entrenched power across mobile operating systems, native app distribution, and mobile browsers, and that each company holds a position of strategic importance within the UK digital economy......
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When evaluating a general damages claim, the practitioner ought initially to refer to the Judicial College Guidelines (JCG)...
This Practice Note This Practice Note reviews mechanisms used in settling litigation. A Tomlin order consists of a consent order paired with a schedule. It operates to stay proceedings on terms that have been agreed. The provisions contained in the schedule may remain confidential. This Practice Note describes the scope of confidentiality attaching to the schedule and sets out how it differs from a standard consent order. Sample wording for a Tomlin order is included, alongside links to precedents, as well as guidance on court approval. It also addresses varying, setting aside and enforcing a Tomlin order, including the considerations the court will take into account when handling applications for each. Further guidance is provided on interpreting and applying the relevant provisions of the CPR; however, some courts and divisions impose very specific requirements for both drafting and approval, and for approaching the schedule and confidentiality issues. Accordingly, you must consider the particular rules and court guide provisions in the forum where your claim is proceeding when drawing up the Tomlin order...
Date [ date ] Parties [ name of Landlord ] [ of OR incorporated in England and Wales (company registration number [ number ]) with its registered office at ] [ address ] (Landlord) [ name of Tenant ] [ of OR incorporated in England and Wales (company registration number [ number ]) with its registered office at ] [ address ] (Tenant) [ [ name of Guarantor ] [ of OR incorporated in England and Wales (company registration number [ number ]) with its registered office at ] [ address ] (Guarantor) ] [ [ name of Mortgagee ] [ of OR incorporated in England and Wales (company registration number [ number ]) with its registered office at ] [ address ] (Mortgagee) ] Definitions Within this Deed, the terms below shall be interpreted as follows: [ Annual Rent • the annual sum reserved under the Lease; ] [ Insurance Rent • the Tenant’s share of the Landlord’s costs of insuring the Property (as set out in the Lease); ] Lease • the lease of the Property dated [ date ], entered into between (1) [ the Landlord OR [ name ...
I, [ name ], of [ address ], solemnly and sincerely state that: [ Matters to be verified, set out in numbered paragraphs ] I make this solemn statement in good conscience, believing it to be true, and pursuant to the provisions of the Statutory Declarations Act 1835. DECLARED at [ details ] this [ day ] day of [ month and year ] Before me ................................................................................ [ signature of the person before whom the declaration is made ] A [ commissioner for oaths OR [ solicitor OR [ insert other qualification ] ] authorised to administer oaths ]...
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