Featured documents
R (Greyhound Board of Great Britain Ltd) v Welsh Ministers [2026] EWHC 670 (Admin) What are the practical implications of this case? The ruling reinforces the constitutional divide between the courts and the legislature. It explains that the scheme and framework of the Government of Wales Act 2006 (GWA 2006) embody that separation of powers, and that any judicial attempt to recognise and enforce a common law obligation on Welsh Ministers to consult prior to introducing legislation in the Senedd would trespass upon that boundary. This is not a departure from established principle; case law has already upheld comparable rules for lawmakers in Scotland and at Westminster. However, this is the first express confirmation of the position for Welsh lawmakers, and the first time this dimension of the GWA 2006 has been analysed in such depth. The court examined earlier
The solution arrived through the United Nations Compensation Commission (UNCC), a quasi‑judicial body handling mass claims, created under UN Security Council Resolution 687. By addressing environmental harm—most notably via its ‘F4’ claim class—the UNCC set a seminal benchmark shaping how international law and contemporary arbitral panels allocate financial responsibility for wartime ecological devastation. With present-day wars in areas such as Eastern Europe and the Middle East bringing dam breaches, strikes on chemical facilities, and the burning of farmland, the UNCC’s legacy endures as an essential reference point for states, global investors, and companies engaged in post‑conflict arbitration. The F4 claims: Quantifying the unquantifiable Prior to the 1990s, mechanisms in international law for war reparations overwhelmingly favoured property loss, foregone earnings, and bodily injury. The natural world was commonly treated as a mute, non-compensable victim of armed hostilities...
Understanding the farming business as a business Many farms still use long-standing structures that arose by habit, not strategy. Sole traders, informal partnerships and outdated partnership deeds are common. While once effective, such setups can cause major issues around succession, tax planning and involving the next generation. A corporate team can take a fresh, business-led view of the farm, asking: Who owns the land and other critical assets? Who manages daily operations? Who carries the risk and who enjoys the return? What is the enduring plan for succession? From this review, the team can confirm whether the current setup is fit for purpose or if an alternative — for example an updated partnership agreement, a company, a limited liability partnership, or a blended model — would better meet the family’s aims. Tax efficiency through joined-up advice Tax sits at the centre of most
Most recent News
Digital markets CMA sets out how it will implement the 4Ps to support growth and investment under the new digital markets competition regime. The CMA has released guidance explaining its approach to meeting its four strategic objectives—pace, predictability, proportionality, and process (4Ps)—within the new digital markets competition regime created by the Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act 2024 ( DMCCA). The 4Ps are intended to bolster growth, encourage investment, and strengthen business confidence across the UK’s competition and consumer frameworks......
Antitrust CMA launches consultation on proposed changes to the CMA’s published guidance on applications for leniency and no-action in cartel cases The CMA has opened a consultation on proposals to amend its guidance on leniency and no-action applications in cartel matters. That guidance, issued by the Office of Fair Trading in 2013 and adopted by the CMA in 2014 (the Current Guidance), sits alongside accompanying quick guides. The exercise covers revisions to both the Current Guidance and those quick guides, which have now been retitled the Short Guides. The Current Guidance explains in detail how the CMA’s leniency policy is applied. Central to the CMA’s approach to deterring anti-competitive behaviour, the leniency policy underpins the effective detection and enforcement of cartel activity. It not only brings to light cartels that might otherwise remain undiscovered, but also motivates businesses involved in wrongdoing to provide...
State aid Court of Justice issues judgment concerning national reference from Poland on exemption from property tax The Court of Justice has delivered its ruling in Case C- 453/23, Precedent Master Mielca, following a reference from Poland seeking clarification on whether Article 7(1)(1)(a) of the 1991 Polish Law on local taxes and charges grants an exemption from property tax to land, buildings and structures that form part of railway infrastructure when made available to rail transport undertakings. Background Article 7(1)(1)(a) of the 1991 Law, as it stood between 1 January 2017 and 31 December 2021, exempted from property tax land, buildings and structures that constitute railway infrastructure and are made available to rail transport undertakings. From 1 January 2017, the relief was contingent on the infrastructure being used by a rail transport operator. E. sp. z o.o. (the appellant) owns plots containing railway...
Subsidy control The Subsidy Advice Unit has issued its concluding report, offering guidance to the Department for Business and Trade on its planned network subsidy for Post Office Limited—see also the final report in full. Note— For every matter notified to the Subsidy Advice Unit under the Subsidy Control Act 2022, please consult the UK subsidy control—ongoing cases tracker. Upcoming dates: for forthcoming UK competition milestones, refer to the UK Competition calendar......
Mergers The Commission approved: the takeover conferring joint control of Green Epic Topco Holdings LP by Leonard Green and Partners LP and Apax Partners LLP ( M.11947), following a phase I enquiry—see further, Midday Express the acquisition of sole control of AXA Investment Managers S. A. by BNP Paribus S. A. ( M.11828), following a phase I enquiry—see further, Midday Express the combination of Amcor plc with Berry Global Group, Inc. ( M.11889), following a phase I enquiry—see further, Midday Express the purchase leading to joint control of Triumph Group, Inc by Warburg Pincus LLC and Berkshire Partners LLC ( M.11937), following a phase I enquiry—see further, Midday Express the formation of a joint venture by Metinvest BV and Danieli & C. ......
Digital markets Commission publishes its second annual report on the Digital Markets Act The Commission has released its second annual report to the Council and the European Parliament on the Digital Markets Act ( DMA), outlining its work during 2024. Under Article 35, the Commission must provide a yearly account of how the DMA is being implemented and the progress towards its aims. This second report details 2024 DMA activities, including the conclusion of four market investigations......
Merger control The CMA has formally issued its decision to accept undertakings in lieu of referring the matter to a phase 2 investigation, relating to the completed purchase by Topps Tiles Plc of selected assets from Tildist Realisations Limited (formerly CTD Tiles Limited)—see further, the CMA decision to accept undertakings in lieu of reference. NOTE— For all live mergers currently before the CMA, see further, UK mergers—ongoing cases tracker Subsidy control The Subsidy Advice Unit has accepted a request to produce an advisory report offering advice to the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero regarding its proposed subsidy to Great British Energy—see further, case page. NOTE— For all decisions referred to the Subsidy Advice Unit under the Subsidy Control Act 2022, see further, UK subsidy control—ongoing cases tracker for details Upcoming dates For dates of forthcoming UK competition developments, see further, the UK Competition calendar......
Mergers The Commission approved: the acquisition for joint control over Bharat Grid Private Limited by Actis GP LLP and Electricité de France S. A. ( M.11962), following a phase I review—see also Midday Express the acquisition conferring sole control of Verallia S. A. by BW Gestão de Investimentos Ltda......
Mergers The CMA has confirmed it accepted undertakings offered by the parties instead of referring the completed purchase by Topps Tiles Plc of specified assets from Tildist Realisations Limited (formerly CTD Tiles Limited) for a phase 2 review—see further, final undertakings NOTE— For all live mergers before the CMA, see further, UK mergers—ongoing cases tracker Upcoming dates For dates of forthcoming UK competition developments, see further, UK Competition calendar......
Digital Markets Act Commission fines Apple €500m for breaching DMA anti-steering obligation The Commission has delivered an infringement decision and levied penalties amounting to €500m against Apple for violating its anti-steering duty under the Digital Markets Act ( DMA). Background On 25 March 2024, the Commission launched a non-compliance inquiry into Apple’s App Store steering rules. Under the DMA, developers offering apps through Apple’s App Store must be able, at no cost, to tell customers about alternatives outside the App Store, guide them to those options, and permit purchases there. Commission’s decision The Commission determined that Apple did not meet this obligation. Owing to multiple constraints imposed by Apple, developers are prevented from fully leveraging alternative distribution routes beyond the App Store. Likewise, consumers are hindered from benefiting from alternative and lower-priced offers, as Apple restricts developers from directly informing users of such options. Apple failed to show that these...
Subsidy control The Subsidy Advice Unit has released its concluding report with guidance for the Department for Business and Trade on its proposed Post Office ( Future Technology Portfolio 2025 to 2026) subsidy—see further, final report. NOTE— For every decision referred to the Subsidy Advice Unit under the Subsidy Control Act 2022, see further, UK subsidy control—ongoing cases tracker. Competition policy The CMA has issued its response to the Department for Transport’s consultation ‘ A railway fit for Britain’s future’—see further, response. It revisits the CMA’s earlier advice on competition in ticket retailing. It also highlights the possible advantages of factoring passenger outcomes into Great British Rail’s Access and Use policy. The CMA reiterates its continuing offer of advisory support as the UK government progresses reforms in the sector. Upcoming dates For dates of forthcoming UK competition developments, see further, UK...
Antitrust The application in Case C-60/25 Livronsa has now been published, an Italian national reference asking whether national courts must regard the Euribor manipulation evidence confirmed by the Commission and the Court of Justice as conclusive, and whether the ensuing competition restriction applies only to the derivatives market or instead to all markets that use the manipulated Euribor benchmark—see also the application The General Court has recently issued an order in Case T-413/21 Feralpi v Commission, an action lodged against the Commission for failing to pay Default Interest as required by the General Court in Cases C-85/15 Feralpi v Commission......
Mergers The CMA has imposed an initial enforcement order concerning the proposed acquisition by Kpler Holding SA of Spire Global Inc.’s Maritime Data Business—see the case page for more. Note— For all active merger reviews before the CMA, please consult the UK mergers—ongoing cases tracker. Antitrust The CMA has released the public version of its infringement decision following its investigation into anti-competitive arrangements relating to the procurement of freelance services that support the creation and broadcast of sports content in the UK—see the decision. Note— For all live behavioural probes before the CMA, see the UK behavioural investigations—ongoing cases tracker. Subsidy control The Subsidy Advice Unit has issued its final report offering advice to the West Midlands Combined Authority on its proposed West Midlands Bus Network Support Grant scheme—see the final report. Note— For every decision referred to the Subsidy Advice Unit under the Subsidy Control Act 2022, see the UK...
Mergers The Commission received a filing concerning BCI/ Brookfield/ CGM Grosvenor/ Shepherds Flat Wind ( M.11965), using the simplified merger route. Note— For ongoing merger enquiries before the Commission, please see the EU mergers—ongoing cases tracker. Upcoming dates For forthcoming EU competition developments, please see the EU Competition calendar......
In this issue: UK private actions UK mergers UK Subsidy control No Weekly Highlights on 24 April 2025 Daily and weekly news alerts New and updated content Caselex UK private actions The Court of Appeal dismissed a challenge to the CAT’s approval of litigation funding arrangements in a collective damages claim accusing Apple of abusing a dominant position in the supply of i Phones. The Court of Justice delivered its judgment in Gutmann v Apple Inc & Ors, addressing an appeal against the CAT’s ruling on the funding of collective proceedings brought, under section 47B of the Competition Act 1998, by Mr Justin Gutmann against Apple Distribution Limited and Apple Retail UK Limited (together, Apple). Background In 2022, Mr Justin Gutmann applied to commence collective proceedings under section 47B of the Competition Act 1998 against Apple. The collective action combines...
Mergers The Commission approved: PAI Partners S.à.r.l. acquiring exclusive control of Motel One Group Gmb H via the acquisition...
Private actions The Court of Appeal has rejected an appeal about the CAT’s approval of litigation funding in a damages claim against Apple, alleging abuse of dominance in the supply of Apple i Phones. The Court of Justice has handed down its judgment in Gutmann v Apple Inc & Ors, concerning an appeal from the CAT on the financing of a collective damages action brought, under section 47B of the Competition Act 1998, by Mr Justin Gutmann against Apple Distribution Limited and Apple Retail UK Limited (together, Apple). Background In 2022, Mr Justin Gutmann sought permission to bring collective proceedings, under section 47B of the Competition Act 1998, against Apple. Those collective proceedings aggregate stand-alone damages claims under section 47A of the Competition Act, said to arise from alleged infringements by Apple of Article 102 TFEU (before 31 December 2020) and the Chapter II...
Mergers Keysight Technologies fined for failing to provide documents to the CMA during phase 1 investigation The CMA issued a notice dated 9 April 2025 imposing a penalty on Keysight Technologies, Inc ( Keysight) under section 110 of the Enterprise Act 2002. This followed Keysight’s non-compliance with section 109 notices served by the CMA that required specified information and documents during the phase 1 assessment of its anticipated acquisition of Spirent Communications plc ( Spirent). The CMA set a fine of £25,000 on Keysight. Background Keysight and Spirent both supply communications testing and measurement equipment. 22 March 2024: Keysight lodged an initial bid to obtain sole control of Spirent. 27 March 2024: Spirent’s board approved this initial proposal. 28 March 2024: Keysight agreed to secure sole control via a public offer for all of Spirent’s issued (and to be issued) share capital. 17 July 2024: The parties filed a draft merger notice with the...
Mergers The Commission approved A- Ware Dairy & Cream B. V. acquiring sole control of the Dairy Food Group through its acquisition...
Mergers The Commission approved: the purchase of exclusive control over YOOX Net- A- Porter Group S.p. A. by MYT Netherlands Parent B. V. ...
Popular documents
When evaluating a general damages claim, the practitioner ought initially to refer to the Judicial College Guidelines (JCG)...
This Practice Note This Practice Note reviews mechanisms used in settling litigation. A Tomlin order consists of a consent order paired with a schedule. It operates to stay proceedings on terms that have been agreed. The provisions contained in the schedule may remain confidential. This Practice Note describes the scope of confidentiality attaching to the schedule and sets out how it differs from a standard consent order. Sample wording for a Tomlin order is included, alongside links to precedents, as well as guidance on court approval. It also addresses varying, setting aside and enforcing a Tomlin order, including the considerations the court will take into account when handling applications for each. Further guidance is provided on interpreting and applying the relevant provisions of the CPR; however, some courts and divisions impose very specific requirements for both drafting and approval, and for approaching the schedule and confidentiality issues. Accordingly, you must consider the particular rules and court guide provisions in the forum where your claim is proceeding when drawing up the Tomlin order...
Date [ date ] Parties [ name of Landlord ] [ of OR incorporated in England and Wales (company registration number [ number ]) with its registered office at ] [ address ] (Landlord) [ name of Tenant ] [ of OR incorporated in England and Wales (company registration number [ number ]) with its registered office at ] [ address ] (Tenant) [ [ name of Guarantor ] [ of OR incorporated in England and Wales (company registration number [ number ]) with its registered office at ] [ address ] (Guarantor) ] [ [ name of Mortgagee ] [ of OR incorporated in England and Wales (company registration number [ number ]) with its registered office at ] [ address ] (Mortgagee) ] Definitions Within this Deed, the terms below shall be interpreted as follows: [ Annual Rent • the annual sum reserved under the Lease; ] [ Insurance Rent • the Tenant’s share of the Landlord’s costs of insuring the Property (as set out in the Lease); ] Lease • the lease of the Property dated [ date ], entered into between (1) [ the Landlord OR [ name ...
I, [ name ], of [ address ], solemnly and sincerely state that: [ Matters to be verified, set out in numbered paragraphs ] I make this solemn statement in good conscience, believing it to be true, and pursuant to the provisions of the Statutory Declarations Act 1835. DECLARED at [ details ] this [ day ] day of [ month and year ] Before me ................................................................................ [ signature of the person before whom the declaration is made ] A [ commissioner for oaths OR [ solicitor OR [ insert other qualification ] ] authorised to administer oaths ]...
Discover more from LexisNexis
