Jurisdiction(s):
United Kingdom

VXJ v FY, RH & XL: English Commercial Court refuses non-party witness summons and s 44 orders; strict necessity, precision and proportionality under Arbitration Act 1996 ss 43–44

Published on: 03 October 2025

Published by a LexisNexis Arbitration expert

Legal News

Article summary

Limits of court assistance under sections 43–44 Arbitration Act 1996 (VXJ v FY, RH & XL)

Limits of court assistance under ss. 43–44 Arbitration Act (VXJ v FY, RH & XL [2025] EWHC 2394 (Comm))

What are the practical implications of this case?

This ruling underscores that relief against non-parties under the Arbitration Act 1996, sections 43 and 44, is rare and closely policed by the courts. Tribunal leave, though a prerequisite, is not determinative; the court applies its own stringent criteria of necessity, specificity and proportionality.

Advisers should warn clients that leave from a tribunal does not confer an automatic right to relief.
Pinpoint drafting is critical: wide-ranging formulations such as ‘all reports since 2016’ will be refused as impermissibly broad.
A witness summons must identify particular documents or tightly bounded categories, leaving no discretion to the non-party.
This is especially crucial where coercive powers are sought and a penal notice is in play.
The judgment also clarifies the distinct purposes of AA 1996, ss 43 and 44; section 43 concerns witness summonses for the production of evidence...

To view the latest version of this document and thousands of others like it, sign-in with LexisNexis or register for a free trial.

Popular documents

Using the Judicial College Guidelines to assess general damages in personal injury claims

When evaluating a general damages claim, the practitioner ought initially to refer to the Judicial College Guidelines (JCG)...

Tomlin orders in England and Wales: CPR guidance on drafting, confidentiality, approval, variation, enforcement, limitation, CCA issues, court-specific requirements, sample wording and precedents

This Practice Note This Practice Note reviews mechanisms used in settling litigation. A Tomlin order consists of a consent order paired with a schedule. It operates to stay proceedings on terms that have been agreed. The provisions contained in the schedule may remain confidential. This Practice Note describes the scope of confidentiality attaching to the schedule and sets out how it differs from a standard consent order. Sample wording for a Tomlin order is included, alongside links to precedents, as well as guidance on court approval. It also addresses varying, setting aside and enforcing a Tomlin order, including the considerations the court will take into account when handling applications for each. Further guidance is provided on interpreting and applying the relevant provisions of the CPR; however, some courts and divisions impose very specific requirements for both drafting and approval, and for approaching the schedule and confidentiality issues. Accordingly, you must consider the particular rules and court guide provisions in the forum where your claim is proceeding when drawing up the Tomlin order...

Precedent: Deed of Surrender of Lease with Optional Premium, Settlement and Release, Landlord, Mortgagee and Guarantor Consents, Reimbursement and HM Land Registry Provisions (England and Wales)

Date [ date ] Parties [ name of Landlord ] [ of OR incorporated in England and Wales (company registration number [ number ]) with its registered office at ] [ address ] (Landlord) [ name of Tenant ] [ of OR incorporated in England and Wales (company registration number [ number ]) with its registered office at ] [ address ] (Tenant) [ [ name of Guarantor ] [ of OR incorporated in England and Wales (company registration number [ number ]) with its registered office at ] [ address ] (Guarantor) ] [ [ name of Mortgagee ] [ of OR incorporated in England and Wales (company registration number [ number ]) with its registered office at ] [ address ] (Mortgagee) ] Definitions Within this Deed, the terms below shall be interpreted as follows: [ Annual Rent • the annual sum reserved under the Lease; ] [ Insurance Rent • the Tenant’s share of the Landlord’s costs of insuring the Property (as set out in the Lease); ] Lease • the lease of the Property dated [ date ], entered into between (1) [ the Landlord OR [ name ...

Precedent Statutory Declaration: Standard Wording under the Statutory Declarations Act 1835

I, [ name ], of [ address ], solemnly and sincerely state that: [ Matters to be verified, set out in numbered paragraphs ] I make this solemn statement in good conscience, believing it to be true, and pursuant to the provisions of the Statutory Declarations Act 1835. DECLARED at [ details ] this [ day ] day of [ month and year ] Before me ................................................................................ [ signature of the person before whom the declaration is made ] A [ commissioner for oaths OR [ solicitor OR [ insert other qualification ] ] authorised to administer oaths ]...